O‘ZBEKISTON RESPUBLIKASI ICHKI ISHLAR VAZIRLIGI

AKADEMIYA

M. A. RUSTAMOV, M. I. ASRIYANS

INGLIZ TILI GRAMMATIKASI

TOSHKENT

O‘ZBEKISTON RESPUBLIKASI ICHKI ISHLAR VAZIRLIGI

AKADEMIYA

M. A. RUSTAMOV, M. I. ASRIYANS

INGLIZ TILI GRAMMATIKASI

Toshkent 2006

81.2 Англ. я 73

R–88

Rustamov M. A., Asriyans M. I.

Ingliz tili grammatikasi: O‘quv qo‘llanmasi. –

T.: O‘zbekiston Respublikasi IIV

Akademiyasi, 2006. – 111 b.

O‘quv qo‘llanmada hozirgi zamon ingliz adabiy tilida faol

ishlatiladigan grammatik hodisalar, modellar va konstruk-

siyalarning yasalishi qoidalari va qo‘llanish holatlari bayon

qilingan.

Qo‘llanma ingliz tilini o‘rganayotgan barcha kitobxonlar

uchun mo‘ljallangan.

ББK 81.2 Англ. я 73

Taqrizchilar: filologiya fanlari doktori, professor

.A. Abduazizov;

yuridik fanlari nomzodi

A. Rahmonov

SO‘Z BOSHI

Ma’lumotnoma O‘zR IIV Akademiyasida chet tili

sifatida ingliz tilini o‘rganuvchi talabalarga mo‘ljallangan

bo‘lib, Akademiya tinglovchilari uchun tuzilgan “ingliz tili”

fanidan namunaviy o‘quv dasturida nazarda tutilgan

grammatik mavzular asosida tuzilgan. Qo‘llanmani

tuzishda ingliz tili grammatikasiga oid zamonaviy ilmiy

adabiyotlar, darslik va o‘quv qo‘llanmalaridan foydalanildi.

Grammatik hodisalarning sharhlarini berishda hozirgi

o‘zbek adabiy tilining xususiyatlari hisobga olingan. Ingliz

tilida qotib qolgan va so‘zma-so‘z tarjima qilib

bo‘lmaydigan grammatik qoliplarning o‘zbek tilidagi

muqobil shakllarini topishga harakat qilingan va zarur

o‘rinlarda izohlar bilan tushuntirib berilgan. O‘quvchilar

uchun qulaylik tug‘dirish maqsadida ishda chizma va

jadvallardan keng foydalanilgan.

Qo‘llanmada ingliz tilining sodda grammatikasi

doirasida ma’lumotlar berishga harakat qilingan. Unda

ingliz tilidagi ot, olmosh, son, sifat, fe’l kategoriyalariga oid

hamda sifatdoshlar, modal fe’llar, bog‘lovchi va old

ko‘makchilar (predloglar), gapdagi so‘zlar tartibi kabilar

haqida til o‘rganuvchilar uchun zarur ma’lumotlar

keltirilgan.

Qo‘llanmaga so‘z yasovchi qo‘shimchalar va noto‘g‘ri

fe’llar ro‘yxatlari ilova qilingan. Noto‘g‘ri fe’llar ro‘yxati

ikkita jadvalda berilgan. Birinchi jadvalda hozirgi, o‘tgan

zamon va o‘tgan zamon sifatdoshi shakllari turlicha bo‘lgan

noto‘g‘ri fe’llar o‘rin olgan bo‘lsa, ikkinchi jadvalga har

uchchala yoki ikkinchi va uchinchi shakllari bir xil bo‘lgan

noto‘g‘ri fe’llar joylashtirilgan.

Qo‘llanma mualliflari ishda uchrashi mumkin bo‘lgan

kamchiliklar uchun oldindan uzr so‘ragan holda mazkur

qo‘llanma haqida bildirilgan har qanday tanqidiy fikrlarni

minnatdorchilik bilan qabul qiladilar.

NOUN

Otlar shaxslar, hayvonlar, joylar, narsalar, hodisalar va

turli- tuman mavhum tushunchalarni ifodalovchi so‘zlar

bo‘lib, Who? (kim?) va What? (nima?) so‘roqlariga

javob bo‘ladi.

Sanaladigan va sanalmaydigan otlar

Ingliz tilidagi otlar ham o‘zbek tilidagi kabi o‘zi

ifodalagan tushunchaga ko‘ra sanaladigan yoki

sanalmaydigan otlarga bo‘linadi. Ba’zi ko‘p ma’noli otlar

bir ma’nosida sanaladigan otlar sirasiga kirsa, boshqa

ma’nosi bilan sanalmaydigan otlar qatoridan o‘rin olishi

mumkin. Sanaladigan va sanalmaydigan otlar quyidagi

xususiyatlari bilan farqlanadi:

Sanaladigan otlar

birlik va ko‘plik shakllariga ega

bo‘ladi

birlik yoki ko‘plikda kelishiga

qarab birlik yoki ko‘plik

shaklidagi fe’l bilan keladi

birlik shaklida kelganda oldida a,

an, yoki one kabi aniqlovchilar

bo‘lishi mumkin

ko‘plik shaklida kelganda oldida

many yoki few aniqlovchilari

bo‘lishi mumkin

faqat ko‘plik shaklida kelganda

oldidan some aniqlovchisi

ishlatilishi mumkin

faqat ko‘plik shaklida oldidan

number of kelishi mumkin

Sanalmaydigan otlar

faqat bir shaklga ega

birlik shaklidagi fe’llar bilan

keladi

oldidan a, an yoki one so‘zlari

aniqlovchi sifatida kelmaydi

oldidan aniqlovchi sifatida

much ishlatilishi mumkin

oldidan aniqlovchi sifatida

some kelishi mumkin

oldidan amount of qo‘llanishi

mumkin

Muayyan turdagi otlar odatda doim sanaladigan

bo‘ladi. Ularni quyidagi guruhlarga ajratish mumkin:

1. Odam, hayvon, o‘simlik, hasharot va ularning

qismlarini atovchi otlar:

PEOPLE

(ODAM)

a boy

(bir) bola

a girl

(bir) qiz

a man

(bir) kishi

a student

(bir) student

a teacher

(bir)

o‘qituvchi

a wife

(bir) rafiqa

a woman

(bir) ayol

ANİMALS

(HAYVON)

a cat

(bir) mushuk

a dog

(bir) it

a horse

(bir) ot

a mouse

(bir) sichqon

a tiger

(bir) yo‘lbars

a wolf

(bir) bo‘ri

a zebra

(bir) zebra

PLANTS

(O‘SIMLIK)

a cactus

(bir) kaktus

a bush

(bir) buta

a flower

(bir) gul

an oak

(bir) eman

a potato

(bir)

kartoshka

a rose

(bir) atirgul

a tree

(bir) daraxt

İNSECTS

(HASHAROT)

an ant

(bir)

chumoli

a butterfly

(bir) kapalak

caterpillar

(bir) qurt

a fly

(bir)

pashsha

a mite

(bir) burga

a tick

(bir) kana

a wasp

(bir) ari

PARTS

(QISM)

an ankle

(bir) to‘piq

a bone

(bir) suyak

a face

(bir) yuz

a head

(bir) bosh

a nose

(bir) burun

an ear

(bir) quloq

a wing

(bir) qanot

2. Turli shakllarga ega bo‘lgan narsa va obyektlarning

nomlari:

a ball

(bir) to‘p

a building

(bir) bino

a house

(bir) uy

a tent

(bir) palatka

a car

(bir) mashina

a door

(bir) eshik

a window

(bir) deraza

a shop

(bir) do‘kon

a mountain

(bir) tog‘

a river

(bir) daryo

a lake

(bir) ko‘l

a valley

(bir) vodiy

a street

(bir) ko‘cha

a church

(bir)

cherkov

a stadium

(bir) stadion

a tree

(bir) daraxt

a lamp

(bir) lampa

umbrella

(bir) soyabon

a book

(bir) kitob

a pen

(bir) ruchka

3. O‘lchov birliklari (uzunlik, maydon, og‘irlik, hajm,

harorat, bosim, tezlik va boshqalarni o‘lchashda

ishlatiladigan so‘zlar) va tasnif so‘zlari (turlarni atash

uchun xizmat qiladigan so‘zlar). Sanalmaydigan otlar

o‘lchanishi yoki tasniflanishi mumkin:

an inch

bir dyum (2,54 sm.)

a piece

bir bo‘lak

a cubic

centimeter

bir kub sm.

a gramm

bir gramm

a foot

bir fut (30,48 sm.)

a square foot

bir kvadrat fut

a part

bir qism

a meter

bir metr

a type

bir tur

a square meter

bir kvadrat metr

a degree

bir daraja

a pound

bir funt

a bit

bir chimdim, ozgina

a cubic inch

bir kub dyum

a drop

bir tomchi

an item

bir band

4. Jamiyatdagi tasniflanishga oid otlar:

a family

(bir) oila

a clan

(bir) to‘da

a tribe

(bir) qabila

a country

(bir)

mamlakat

a city

(bir)

shahar

a state

(bir)

davlat

a word

(bir) so‘z

a phrase

(bir) ibora

a language

(bir) til

5. Ba’zi mavhum tushunchalarni ifodalovchi otlar:

a help

(bir) yordam

a hindrance

(bir) to‘siq

an idea

(bir) fikr

an invention

(bir) kashfiyot

a nuisance

(bir) noxushlik

a plan

(bir) reja

a rest

(bir) hordiq

a scheme

(bir) chizma

a taboo

(bir) tabu/taqiq

Sanalmaydigan otlarni quyidagi guruhlarga bo‘lish

mumkin:

1. Oziq-ovqat, materiallar va metallar, tabiiy sifatlarni

nomlovchi otlar:

OZIQ-OVQATLAR

bread

non

cake

pirog

chocolate

shokolad

meat

MATERIAL VA

METALLAR

copper

mis

cotton

paxta

grass

o‘t

iron

TABIIY SIFATLAR

lightness

yorug‘lik

darkness

qorong‘ulik

heaviness

og‘irlik

brightness

go‘sht

spaghetti

makaron

spinach

ismaloq

butter

saryog‘

cheese

pishloq

temir

rayon

cellulosa

steel

po‘lat

wood

taxta

charog‘onlik

foolness

axmoqlik va boshqa

-ness

(-lik)ka tugovchi

so‘zlar

luminescence

miltirash, chaqnash

adolescence

yoshlik; yigitlik va qizlik

2. Suyuqliklar, gazlar va juda mayda qismlardan iborat

jismlar:

SUYUQLIKLAR

coffee

kofe

milk

sut

oil

yog‘

tea

choy

GAZLAR

air

havo

carbon dioxide

uglekislotali gaz

oxygen

kislorod

smoke

tutun

MAYDA BO‘LAKLARDAN

IBORAT JISMLAR

barley

arpa

rice

guruch

sugar

shakar

popcorn

bodroq

3. Tillarning nomlari: Arabic, English, Chinese, French,

Japanese, Russian, Spanish, Swahili, Welsh

, etc.

4. Ko‘pchilik -ing qo‘shimchasi bilan tugovchi otlar.

Quyidagilar bundan mustasno: building, feeling,

dealing, wedding, helping ovqat ma’nosida; a saving

– iqtisod, lekin savings – tejalgan pul; furnishings)

doim ko‘plikda ishlatiladi:

clothing

kiyim

dancing

raqs

studying

o‘qish

hiking

sayr

learning

o‘rganish

lightning

chaqmoq

trying

urinish

waiting

kutish

smoking

chekish

5. Ko‘pchilik mavhum otlar, shu jumladan, -ness, -

ance va -ity qo‘shimchalari bilan yasalgan otlar mavhum

tushunchalarni bildiradi va sanalmaydi:

beauty

chiroy

equality

tenglik

serenity

osudalik

happiness

baxt

selfishness

xudbinlik

ignorance

nodonlik

importance

ahamiyat

obsolescence

toliqish

peace

tinchlik

plenty

ko‘p

sanity

sog‘lomlik

verbosity

sergaplik

Boshqa tillarda sanaladigan ko‘pgina otlar ingliz tilida

sanalmaydigan otlar sirasiga kiradi:

advice

maslahat

anger

jahl

applause

qarsaklar

baggage

bagaj

behavior

fe’l-atvor

cash

naqd pul

chaos

xaos

chess

shahmat va boshqa

o‘yin nomlari

china (dishes)

Xitoy taomlari

conduct

xulq-atvor

damage (harm)

zarar

dirt

iflos

furniture

mebel

garbage

axlat

harm

zarar

hospitality

mehmondo‘stlik

information

ma’lumot

laughter

kulgi

leisure

bo‘sh vaqt

luck

omad

luggage

bagaj

melancholy

melanxoliya

money

pul

news

yangiliklar (ko‘plik

shaklida, lekin

birlikdagi fe’l bilan

keladi)

permission

ruxsat

photography

fotografiya va –aphy

ga tugaydigan boshqa

otlar

poetry

nazm, she’riyat

progress

progres

publicity

oshkoralik

rubbish

chiqit, ortiqcha narsa

safety

xavfsizlik

violence

zo‘ravonlik

weather

ob-havo

moonlight

oy nuri

mud

balchiq

music

musiqa

Sanalmaydigan otlar o‘lchanganda yoki tasnif

qilinganda (turlarga, sinflarga bo‘linganda), ularning

ko‘pchiligidan oldin of, piece, bit, item so‘zlari kelishi

mumkin. Boshqa shularga o‘xshash so‘zlar ham,

sanalmaydigan otlarning ayrimlari bilan qo‘llanishi

mumkin:

a slice of bread, cake, meat

bir bo‘lak (parrak) non, pirog,

go‘sht

a bar of chocolate, candy,

soap

bir bo‘lak shokolad, konfet, sovun

a sheet of paper, ice

bir varaq qog‘oz, bir bo‘lak muz

a blade of grass, wheat

bir maysa, bug‘doy poyasi

a grain of rice, barley, wheat

bir dona guruch, arpa, bug‘doy

a lump of coal, sugar

bir bo‘lak ko‘mir, qand

a bit of paper, metal, wood

bir parcha qog‘oz, metal, yog‘och

a piece of , cake, wood

bir bo‘lak qog‘paper oz, pirog, taxta

Atoqli va turdosh otlar

Atoqli otlar alohida olingan odamlar, joylar yoki narsa-

larning nomlaridir. Ular bosh harf bilan yoziladi. Qolgan

barcha otlar turdosh otlar hisoblanadi.

George Allen attends Lakeview College.

Jorj Allen Leykvyu kollejiga qatnaydi.

Monday, June 15, is Marilyn Morgan’s birthday.

Dushanba kuni, 15 iyunda Marilin Morganning tug‘ilgan kuni.

Agar atoqli ot ikki va undan ortiq kishi, joy yoki

narsaning nomi bo‘lsa, uning oldidan aniq artikl yoki biror

aniqlovchi qo‘yiladi.

My brother is named Bill Johnson and my cousin is also

named Bill Johnson. The Bill Johnson who lives across the

street from me is my brother.

Akamning ismi Bill Jonson, jiyanimning ismi ham Bill Jonson.

Ko‘chaning narigi tomonida (mening qarshimda) yashaydigan Bill

Jonson mening akam.

Turdosh otlar mavhum va aniq otlarga bo‘linadi.

Mavhum tushunchalar fikr va tasavvurlar, hissiyotlar,

sifatlar va jarayonlarni nomlaydi: justice, beauty,

happiness, length, weight, classification. Aniq otlar

hissiyotlar orqali to‘g‘ridan to‘g‘ri sezish mumkin bo‘lgan

narsalar yoki jonzotlarni nomlaydi: ball, boy, bread,

chair, heat, noise, fire, smoke, ice, water va hokazo.

Jamlovchi otlar

Jamlovchi otlar bir guruh kishilar, hayvonlar, qushlar,

hasharotlarni ifodalaydi. Jamlovchi ot harakatning guruh

tomonidan birga bajarilayotgani yoki guruhning har a’zosi

tomonidan alohida bajarilayotganiga qarab fe’lning birlik

yoki ko‘plikdagi shaklini oladi.

Ijtimoiy uyushma va guruhlarni ifodalovchi jamlovchi

otlardan ayrimlari quyidagilar:

army

qurolli kuchlar

audience

auditoriya

band

orkestr

brigade

brigada (komanda)

clan

to‘da, guruh

congregation

kongregatsiya, to‘plangan

kishilar

group

guruh

orchestra

orkestr

chorus

xor

police

politsiya

team

jamoa,

komanda

troop

qo‘shin

Hayvonlar, qushlar va hasharotlarni ifodalaydigan

jamlovchi otlardan ayrimlari quyidagilar:

a herd of cattle, sheep,

goats

mollar, qo‘ylar, echkilar podasi

a flock of birds, chickens

qushlar, jo‘jalar galasi

a hive of bees

arilar galasi

a swarm of ants, bees, flies

chumolilar to‘dasi, arilar, pashshalar

galasi

Otlarda ko‘plik

Ingliz tilidagi aksariyat otlarning ko‘plik shakli to‘g‘ri

yo‘l bilan yasaladi. Otning birlik shakliga -s qo‘shimchasi

qo‘shilib, uning ko‘plik shakli hosil qilinadi.

boy – boys book – books pencil - pencils

-s, -ch, -sh, -tch, -x, -z harflari bilan tugagan

so‘zlarning ko‘plik shakli -es qo‘shimchasini qo‘shish yo‘li

bilan yasaladi.

bunch – bunches

o‘ram/bog‘(lar)

patch – patches

bo‘lak/parcha(lar)

fox – foxes

tulki(lar)

Eslatma: “o” harfi bilan tugovchi ko‘pgina so‘zlarga -s

qo‘shimchasi qo‘shiladi, biroq quyidagi otlarning ko‘plik

shaklini yasash uchun -es qo‘shimchasini qo‘shish lozim

bo‘ladi:

echo

aks-sado

embarg

embargo

hero

qahramon

Negro

habash

echoes

aks-sadolar

embargoes

embargolar

heroes

qahramonlar

Negroes

habashlar

potato

kartoshka

tomato

pomidor

torpedo

torpeda

veto

potatoes

kartoshkalar

tomatoes

pomidorlar

torpedoes

torpedalar

vetoes

vetolar

Ba’zi otlarga ko‘plik qo‘shimchasi qo‘shilganda

muayyan imlo o‘zgarishlari yuz beradi. So‘z oxirida

undoshdan keyin kelgan “y” harfi “i”ga aylanadi va –es

qo‘shiladi:

baby

go‘dak

city

shahar

study

o‘qish

babies

go‘daklar

cities

shaharlar

studies

o‘qishlar

Ba’zi otlar oxiridagi -f yoki -fe ko‘plik qo‘shimchasi (-

s/-es) qo‘shilgach -ves ga aylanadi:

-f yoki -ef bilan tugovchi ot

Ko‘plik shakli

calf calves

buzoq buzoqlar

elf

elves

elflar

half

yarim

halves

yarimlar

hoof

tuyoq

hooves yoki hoofs

tuyoqlar

knife

pichoq

knives

pichoqlar

leaf

barg

leaves

barglar

life

hayot

lives

umrlar

loaf

buxanka

loaves

buxankalar

relief

qutilish

reliefs

ko‘plikda kam ishlatiladi

self

o‘zi

selves

o‘zlari

shelf

javon

shelves

javonlar

thief

(o‘g‘ri)

thieves

o‘g‘rilar

wife

rafiqa

wives

rafiqalar

wolf

bo‘ri

wolves

bo‘rilar

Lekin roof (tom) – roofs (tomlar), belief (ishonch) – beliefs

(ishonchlar), proof (dalil) – proofs (dalillar), relief

(qutilish) – reliefs (ko‘plikda kam ishlatiladi) holatlari ham

uchraydi.

Hozirgi ingliz tilida ayrim otlarning qadimgi ingliz

tiliga oid ko‘plik shakllari hamon ishlatiladi.

man – men

kishi(lar)

mouse – mice

sichqon(lar)

ox – oxen

ho‘kiz(lar)

woman – women

ayol(lar)

louse – lice

ablah(lar)

goose – geese

g‘oz(lar)

fireman – firemen

o‘t o‘chiruvchi(lar)

child –

children

bola(lar)

foot – feet

oyoq(lar)

workman -

workmen

xizmatchi(lar)

tooth - teeth

tish(lar)

Ayrim otlar birlik shaklini saqlagan holda jamlovchi

ko‘plik ma’nosini bildirishi mumkin.

ANIMALS, BIRDS AND FISH (HAYVONLAR, QUSHLAR VA BALIQLAR)

Mr. Parker hunts (ovlaydi)

deer

pheasant

elephant

duck

(bug‘u)

(qirg‘ovul)

(fil)

(o‘rdak)

He catches (tutadi)

trout

perch

bluefish

(forel)

(okun)

(lufar)

TREES AND PLANTS (GRAINS) (DARAXTLAR VA O‘SIMLIKLAR

(BOSHOQLI O‘SIMLIKLAR)

The Allens

planted

(ekdilar)

pine

oak

wheat

corn

sorghum

barley

(qarag‘ay

)

(eman)

(bug‘doy)

(don)

(sorgoh)

(arpa)

on their farm this

year.

(o‘z xo‘jaliklariga bu yil)

PEOPLE (ODAMLAR)

Everyone – man, woman, and child – is affected by air

pollution.

Barcha – erkagu ayolu bola – havoning ifloslanishidan zaharlandi.

Student and teacher alike signed the petition.

Talaba va o‘qituvchi ikkalasi petitsiyaga qo‘l qo‘yishdi.

O‘zbek tilida otlar ikki va undan katta sanoq sonlardan

keyin kelganda ham birlik shaklida qo‘llanadi (o‘nta kitob),

lekin ingliz tilida oldidan birdan katta sanoq son kelgan

otlar ko‘plik shaklida ishlatilishi kerak:

two girls

ikkita qiz

five chairs

beshta stul

ten books

o‘nta kitob

seven days

yetti kun

Otlarda egalik kelishigi

Ot turkumiga mansub so‘zlar ikki kelishikdan birida

qo‘llanadi: umumiy (common) va egalik (possessive).

Umumiy kelishikda otga hech qanday qo‘shimcha

qo‘shilmaydi. Egalik kelishigi shaxs yoki narsaning biror

kimsaga tegishli ekanini ifodalaydi va Whose? (kimning?)

so‘rog‘iga javob bo‘ladi. Otning egalik kelishigi shakli ikki

usulda yasaladi:

Birinchi usulida otga -’s qo‘shimchasini qo‘shiladi va

odatda o‘zbek tilidagi -ning (qaratqich kelishigi)

qo‘shimchasiga mos keladi, masalan:

the girl’s bag

qizning sumkasi

Jack’s coat

Jekning paltosi

the boy’s tent

bolaning chodiri

George’s book

Jorjning kitobi

Agar otga ko‘plik qo‘shimchasi -s (-es) qo‘shilgan

bo‘lsa, so‘z oxiridagi “s” harfidan keyin tutuq belgisi

qo‘yiladi. Masalan:

the boys’ books

bolalarning kitoblari

-‘s quyidagi holatlarda ishlatiladi:

1. -‘s odamlar va inson faoliyati dilan aloqador otlarga

qǒshiladi, masalan:

Atoqli otlar:

Abraham Lincoln’s speech.

Abraham Linkolnning nutqi.

Shaxslarni nomlovchi

otlar:

The girl’s dress.

Qizning ko‘ylagi.

Jamlovchi otlari:

The team’s success.

Jamoaning muvaffaqiyati.

Inson faoliyati bilan

aloqador otlar

The body’s ability.

Tana(ning) qobiliyati.

Geografik nomlar:

Canada’s history.

Kanadaning tarixi.

Muassasalarning

The University’s budget.

Universitetning byudjeti.

nomlari:

The museum’s members.

Museyning a’zolari.

2. Vaqtni ifodalovchi ko‘hchilik so‘zlarning egalik

kelishigi -‘s bilan yasaladi, masalan:

a month’s pay

bir oylik ish ish haqqi

two week’s vacation

ikki haftalik ta’til

a year’s work

bir yillik ish

season’s greetings

mavsimning ochilishi

3. Ba’zi turg‘un iboralar tarkibidagi otlar -‘s bilan

birikadi, masalan:

our money’s worth

pulumizga yarasha

at arm’s length

nariroqda

4. Murakkab hayvonlarning nomlariga -s’ qo‘shiladi,

masalan:

a dog’s life

itning hayoti

the kitten’s cry

mushikchaning yig‘lashi

the horse’s mane

otning yoli

the cat’s meow

mushikning miyovlashi

Qolgan holatlarda otlarning egalik kelishigi of predlogi

yordamida yasaladi. Bunda o‘zbek tilidan farqli ravishda

birikmadagi aniqlanmish of predligidan oldin, aniqlovchi

esa, predligdan keyin qo‘yiladi, masalan:

the tires of the car

Mashinaning balonlari

the roof of the house

uyning tomi

the surface of the road

yo‘lning yuzasi

the leaves of the tree

daraxtning barglari

ARTIKLLAR

ARTICLES

Artikllar mustaqil ma’noga ega bo‘lmagan yordamchi

so‘zlar bo‘lib, otlarning aniqlovchisi hisoblanadilar. Ingliz

tilida artikllarning ikki turi mavjud: noaniq artikl (the

indefinite article) va aniq artikl (the definite article).

Noaniq artikl (a / an)

Noaniq artikl (a/an) “qandaydir bir” degan ma’noni

anglatadi, ya’ni bir turdagi bir necha narsalardan qaysidir

bittasi ekanligini bildiradi. O‘zbek tilida unga aynan mos

keladigan so‘z yo‘q, shuning uchun u ko‘pincha tarjima

qilinmaydi. Ba’zan bir, bitta, qandaydir kabi so‘zlar bilan

tarjima qilinishi mumkin.

Quyidagi ikki gapni qiyoslang:

Bandargohga paraxod

keldi.

Paraxod bandargohga

keldi.

Birinchi gapdagi paraxod so‘zi shu turga oid

predmetlarning birini ifodalamoqda, ya’ni bandargohga

keladigan paraxodlardan biri, lekin aynan qaysi biri

ekanligi noaniq. Ikkinchi gapdagi paraxod so‘zi shu

ma’lumotni (gapni) yetkazayotgan va uni tinglayotgan

shaxslar uchun aniq narsani, ya’ni ular kutayotgan pa-

raxodni ifodalayapti. Shuning uchun birinchi misoldagi

paraxod so‘zi ingliz tiliga a ship tarzida, ikkinchi

misoldagisi esa the ship tarzida o‘girilishi kerak.

Noaniq artikl faqat birlik shaklidagi sanaladigan

otlarning oldidan qo‘yiladi.

Noaniq artiklning a shakli undosh tovush bilan

boshlanuvchi otlardan oldin qo‘yiladi:

a ball

(bir) koptok

a man

(bir) kishi

a policeman

(bir) politsiyachi

a book

(bir) kitob

a house

(bir) uy

a dog

(bir) it

Noaniq artiklning an shakli unli tovush bilan

boshlanuvchi otlardan oldin qo‘yiladi:

an apple

(bir) olma

an example

(bir) misol

an inkpot

(bir) siyohdon

an umbrella

(bir) soyabon

an egg

(bir) tuxum

an eye

(bitta) ko‘z

Give me, please, a pen.

Iltimos, menga ruchka bering (qandaydir bitta

ruchka).

This man is a teacher.

Bu kishi o‘qituvchi (qandaydir bir o‘qituvchi).

He is an investigator.

U tergovchi (bir tergovchi).

Agar otning oldida artikldan boshqa aniqlovchi ham

bo‘lsa, u holda artikl o‘sha aniqlovchidan oldin qo‘yiladi.

It is a book.

Bu (bir) kitobdir.

It is an interesting book.

Bu (bir) qiziqarli kitob.

Noaniq artikl quyidagi holatlarda ishlatilmaydi:

1) sanalmaydigan otlar bilan:

I like cheese and milk.

Men pishloq va sutni yaxshi ko‘raman.

2) ko‘plikdagi otlar bilan:

They are schoolchildren.

Ular maktab bolalaridir.

3) atoqli otlar bilan:

I spoke to Peter about it.

Men bu (narsa) haqida Piter bilan gaplashdim.

4) otlar oldidan egalik va ko‘rsatish olmoshlari kabi

aniqlovchilar kelganda:

I need this book.

Menga bu kitob kerak.

I see his car.

Men uning mashinasini ko‘ryapman.

5) o‘zidan keyin sanoq son kelgan otlardan oldin:

He lives in apartment 3.

U 3-xonadonda yashaydi.

Aniq artikl (the)

Aniq artikl – the so‘zlovchi va tinglovchi uchun aniq

bo‘lgan shaxs, narsa, hodisa kabilarni ifodalovchi otlar

oldidan ishlatiladi.

The book is interesting.

Kitob qiziqarli (so‘zlovchi va tinglovchi uchun aniq bo‘lgan kitob).

Ingliz tilidagi aniq artikl the odatda o‘zbek tiliga

tarjima qilinmaydi. Ba’zan o‘sha olmoshi yoki tushum

kelishigi qo‘shimchasi (-ni) yoxud boshqa vositalar bilan

tarjima qilinishi mumkin.

This is the book I asked you for.

Bu (o‘sha) men sizdan so‘ragan kitob.

The hamma otlar bilan ishlatilishi mumkin. Aniq artikl

(the)ni quyidagilarni ko‘rsatuvchi otlarni aniqlash uchun

ishlatish kerak:

1. Oldinroq tilga olib o‘tilgan otga qayta ishora

qilinganda.

We saw a new film yesterday. The film was interesting.

Kecha biz yangi film tamosho qildik. Film qiziqarli ekan.

A dog has been barking all day and here is the dog now,

standing outside the gate.

Bir it kuni bo‘yi hurib chiqdi, endi o‘sha it tashqarida, darvoza tashqarsida

turibdi.

2. Otning o‘zidan keyin keladigan aniqlovchisi borligini

bildirish uchun.

The man at the door wants to speak to you.

Eshik yonidagi kishi siz bilan gaplashishni xohlaydi.

The dog that has been barking all day has finally

stopped barking.

Kuni bilan hurib chiqqan it nihoyat hurishdan to‘xtadi.

Every student should know something about the history of

his own country.

Har bir talaba o‘z vatani tarixi haqida biror narsa bilishi kerak.

Aniq artikl (the) orttirma darajadagi sifat va ravishlar

hamda tartib sonlardan oldin qo‘yilishi shart (bunda

ko‘pincha otdan keyin birikmali aniqlovchi keladi).

This is the best cake I have ever eaten.

Bu men umrimda yegan eng yaxshi shirin kulcha ekan.

China has the largest population of all countries in the

world.

Xitoy dunyodagi barcha mamlakatlar ichida eng ko‘p aholiga ega.

Mr. Everest is the highest mountain in the world.

Janob Everest (tog‘i) dunyodagi eng baland tog‘.

Charles Lindbergh was the first person to fly the Atlantic

alone.

Charlz Lindberg Atlantika (okeani)dan yolg‘iz uchib o‘tgan birinchi

insondir.

Eslatma: yakka holda ishlatilgan, ya’ni o‘zidan keyin aniq-

lanmish kelmagan tartib son oldidan artikl qo‘yilmaydi.

She was first in her class.

U o‘z sinfida birinchi edi.

Our team is third in the standings.

Bizning lamoa mavqeyi bo‘yicha uchinchi.

3. So‘zlovchi (yozuvchi) va tinglovchi (o‘quvchi) uchun

ma’lum bo‘lgan kontekstda.

Here comes the teacher (one teacher known to the class).

Bu yoqqa o‘qituvchi kelyapti (sifga ma’lum bo‘lgan o‘qituvchi).

Turn on the light in the kitchen (only one light in one

kitchen).

Oshxonadagi chiroqni yoq (oshxonada faqat bitta chiroq bor).

Have you been to the mountains recently? (mountains

nearby that are known to everyone)

Siz yaqindda tog‘da bo‘ldingizmi? (shu yaqin atrofdagi hammaga ma’lum

tog‘da)

They prefer to live in the city (the reader understands the

difference between living in the country or suburbs and living in

the city).

Ular shaharda yashashni afzal ko‘radilar (o‘quvchi shaharda yoki uning

chekkasida yashash bilan qishliqda yashash orasidagi farqni tushunadi).

4. Narsaning sinfini aniq ko‘rsatish uchun. Ko‘pincha

otdan oldin keladi:

The child is the hope of the future.

Bola(lar) kelejak(imiz) umididir.

The nuclear threat is frightening.

Atom (bombasi) havfi dahshatga solmoqda.

Aniq artikl the ba’zan sifatdan oldin kelishi ham

mumkin, masalan:

The eldery are often lonely.

Keksalar ko‘pincha yolg‘iz bo‘ladilar.

The handicapped need access to public buildings.

Nogironlarga jamoat binolariga kirish huquqini berish kerak.

5. Ilovali

birikmalar boshida.

This is my friend, the one I was telling you about.

Do this experiment first, the experiment on page 29.

6. Yagona holda mavjud bo‘lgan narsalarni ifodalovchi

otlar oldidan.

the sky

osmon

the sun

quyosh

the moon

the earth

yer

the president

prezident

the capital

poytaxt

Tashkent is the capital of our country.

Toshkent mamlakatimizning poytaxti.

The sun rises in the east, and sets in the west.

Quyosh sharqdan chiqib, g‘arbga botadi.

Artikllar (a/an, the) quyidagi hollarda ishlatilmaydi:

1. Ot bir sinfga (turga) mansub bo‘lgan barcha

narsalarni ifodalaganda:

Dogs are domestic animals. (all dogs)

Itlar uy hayvonlaridir. (barcha itlar).

Mary likes dogs. (all dogs)

Meri itlarni yaxshi ko‘radi. (barcha itlarni)

Man proposes; God disposes.

Insondan harakat, Allohdan barakat (man “kishi” so‘zi orqali barcha

Ilova (appositive) – bevosita otdan keyin keluvchi boshqa ot, olmosh yoki

ot birikma bo‘lib, birinchi kelgan ot haqida ko‘proq ma’lumot beradi.

insonlar nazarda tutilgan)

2. Bir turni boshqa turdan ajratish uchun:

Dogs, not squirrels, are domestic animals.

Olmaxonlar emas, itlar uy hayvonlaridir

Mary likes dogs, not cats.

Meri mushuklarni emas, itlarni yoqtiradi.

Men, not women, are boxers.

Ayollar emas, erkaklar bokschilardir.

3. Bir turga mansub barcha narsalarni emas, qanchadir

miqdori ifodalanganda:

Leaves are beginning to fall.

Barglar to‘kila boshlayapti.

Engineers make good salaries.

Injenerlar yaxshi maosh olishadi.

The edge of the field was marked by trees.

Dalaning cheti daraxtlar bilan belgilab qo‘yilgan edi.

4. be fe‘lidan keyin kelgan ko‘plikdagi otlar bilan:

Most of my friends are students.

Do‘stlarimning ko‘pchiligi – student.

His sisters are teachers.

Uning opalari – o‘qituvchi.

5. O‘ziga xos va yagona bo‘lgan muassasa va jarayonni

ifodalovchi otlar bilan:

School begins Monday (a particular Monday).

Maktab dushanba (kuni) boshlanadi.

Breakfast will be late tomorrow (there will be only one

breakfast tomorrow).

Ertaga nonushta kechikadi (ertaga faqat bir marta nonushta bo‘ladi).

People are angry with Congress (there is only one Congress

in the country).

Odamlar Kongresdan norozi (mamlakatda faqat bitta Kongress bor),

lekin,

People are angry with the state legislature (one of many).

Odamlar davlat qonunchiligidan norozi (bir nechtadan bittasi).

People are angry with the city council (one of many).

Odamlar shahar kengashidan norozi (bir nechtadan bittasi).

6. Quyidagilarga o‘xshash qotib qolgan iboralar,

ko‘pincha juft otlar bilan:

man and wife

er va xotin

father and son

ota (va) o‘g‘il

brother and sister

aka-singil

lock and key

qulf-kalit

sun, moon and stars

quyosh, oy va yulduzlar

heaven and hell

jannat va do‘zax

wind and rain

shamol va yomg‘ir

snow and sleet

qor va yomg‘ir (aralash yog‘ishi)

go home

uyga bor

come home

uyga kel

7. Quyidagilarga o‘xshash old qo‘shimchali (predlogli)

birikmalar bilan:

at war

urushda

peace

tinchlik

vaqtida

at ease

erkin

at rest

dam

olishda

at sea

dengiz

bo‘yida

at lunch

lanchda

in danger

xatarda

in need

muhtojlikda

in tears

ko‘z yosh

to‘kib

in reply

javoban

in love

oshiqlikda

difficulty

qiyinchilikd

on guard

himoyada

purpose

ataylab

on fire

o‘t ichida

on sale

sotuvda

vacation

o‘quv

ta’tilida

on time

vaqtida

on duty

navbatchilikd

on land

yerda

on sea

dengizda

accident

tasodifan

by design

qasdan

by heart

yoddan

surprise

to‘satdan

by chance

tasodifan

mistake

yanglishib

by bus

avtobusda

by plane

samalyotda

by car

mashinada

out of

control

nazoratdan

chiqqan

out of

danger

xatardan xoli

out of date

eskirgan

out of door

tashqarida

out of order

buzilgan

out of stock

qolmagan

out of turn

navbatdan

tashqari

8. Gazetadagi bosh satrlar, kitob nomlari, belgilar,

sarlavhalardagi yozuvlarda.

PRISONER FREED

MAHBUS OZOD QILINDI

ENTRANCE TO PARKING

TO‘XTASH JOYIGA KIRISH

BEWARE OF DOG

EHTIYOT BO‘LING IT BOR

SON

NUMERALS

Sonlar ikki turga bo‘linadi: sanoq (cardinal) va tartib

(ordinal) sonlar.

Sanoq sonlar

1 dan 12 gacha bo‘lgan sanoq sonlar:

1 – one

2 –

two

3 –

three

4 –

four

5 –

five

6 –

six

7 –

seven

8 –

eight

9 –

nine

10 –

ten

11 –

eleven

12 –

twelve

13 dan 19 gacha bo‘lgan sanoq sonlar 3 dan 9 gacha

bo‘lgan sonlarga -teen qo‘shimchasini qo‘shish orqali

yasaladi va bu qo‘shimcha ham urg‘u bilan talaffuz qilinadi:

13 – thirteen

14 –

fourteen

15 –

fifteen

16 –

sixteen

17 –

seventeen

18 –

eighteen

19 –

nineteen

20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90 kabi o‘nliklarni yasash

uchun 2 dan 9 gacha bo‘lgan sonlarga -ty qo‘shimchasini

qo‘shish orqali yasaladi:

20 – twenty

30 –

thirty

40 –

forty

50 –

fifty

60 –

sixty

70 –

seventy

80 –

eighty

90 –

ninety

100 va undan keyingi yaxlit sonlar quyidagilar:

100 – hundred

1000 –

thousand

1000000 –

million

milliard – billion

100 dan katta murakkab sonlar quyidagi tartibda

yasaladi:

104 – one hundred (and) four

392 – three hundred (and) ninety two

1025 – a thousand (and) twenty five

2235 – two thousand (and) two hundred and thirty five

100.736 – a hundred thousand and seven hundred thirty six

5.219.348 – five million (and) two hundred nineteen

thousand (and) three hundred fourty eight

Tartib sonlar

1 dan 3 gacha bo‘lgan tartib sonlar quyidagilardir:

first – birinchi

second – ikkinchi

third – uchinchi

Qolgan tartib sonlar (4 va undan keyingilari) sanoq

sonlarga -th qo‘shimchasini qo‘shish yo‘li bilan yasaladi.

fourth –

to‘rtinchi

fifth – beshinchi

sixth – oltinchi

seventh –

yettinchi

eighth – sakkizinchi

ninth – to‘qqizinchi

tenth – o‘ninchi

eleventh – o‘n

birinchi

thirteenth – o‘n

uchinchi

fourteenth - o‘n

to‘rtinchi

twentieth –

yigirmanchi

etc.

Ayrim tartib sonlarning yasalishida quyidagi imlo

o‘zgarishlari yuz beradi:

1. Sanoq son “y” harfi bilan tugagan bo‘lsa (twenty,

fourty va h.k.), “y” harfi o‘rniga “ie” yoziladi va -th

qo‘shimchasi qo‘shiladi:

twenty –

twentieth

thirty – thirtieth

fourty – fourtieth

fifty – fiftieth

sixty – sixtieth

seventy –

seventieth

eighty – eigtieth

ninety – ninetieth

2. Quyidagi tartib sonlarning yasalishidagi imlo

o‘zgarishlarini eslab qoling.

five – fifth twelve – twelfth nine – ninth

OLMOSHLAR

PRONOUNS

Kishilik olmoshlari

Kishilik olmoshlari (Personal Pronouns) ikki kelishika

ega, bosh (nominative) va obyekt (objective) kelishiklar.

Bosh kelishikdagi olmoshlar ega va kesim

vazifalarida qo‘llanadi.

Birlik (Singular) Ko‘plik (Plural)

I shaxs

II shaxs

III shaxs

She

Men

U (er)

U (ayol)

U (narsa)

You

They

Biz

Siz

Ular

My name is Jasur. I am a student.

Mening ismim Jasur. Men talabaman.

My friend’s name is Sultan. He is not a student.

Do‘stimning ismi Sulton. U talaba emas.

This is my sister. She is a dentist.

Bu mening singlim. U tish shifokori.

That is a book. It is a text-book.

Anavi kitob. U darslik.

My family is large. We are five.

Mening oilam katta. Biz besh kishimiz.

Do you speak English?

Siz inglizcha gaplashasizmi?

My parents are not at home now, they are in Italy.

Ota-onam hozir uyda emas. Ular Italiyada.

Obyekt kelishigidagi kishilik olmoshlari

to‘ldiruvchi va hol vazifalarida ishlatiladi.

Birlik (Singular)

I shaxs

II shaxs

III shaxs

meni, menga, mendan

uni, unga, undan (er)

her

uni, unga, undan (ayol)

uni, unga, undan (narsa)

Ko‘plik (Plural)

I shaxs

II shaxs

III shaxs

you

them

bizni, bizga, bizdan

sizni, sizga, sizdan

ularni, ularga, ulardan

He met me/us at the railway station.

U meni/bizni temiryo‘l bekatida kutib oldi.

The teacher helped me/us to translate the text.

O‘qituvchi menga/bizga matnni tarjima qilishda yordam berdi.

A man asked me/us the way to the station.

Bir kishi mendan/bizdan temiryo‘l bekatiga boradigan yo‘lni so‘radi.

Do you know him/them?

Siz uni/ularni bilasizmi?

Please, write him/them a letter.

Iltimos, unga/ularga xat yozing.

The teacher asked him/them to repeat the grammar rules.

O‘qituvchi undan/ulardan grammatika qoidalarini qaytarishni iltmos

qildi.

Susan is arriving this evening. Meet her at the airport.

Syuzan bugun kechqurun yetib keladi. Uni aeroportda kutib oling.

Susan and Tom are arriving this evening. Meet them at the

airport.

Syuzan va Tom bugun kechqurun yetib kelishadi. Ularni aeroportda

kutib oling.

My sister lives in England now. Yesterday I wrote her a

letter.

Singlim hozir Angliyada yashaydi. Kecha men unga xat yozdim.

Do you help them with their home works?

Uy vazifalarini bajarishda ularga yordam berasizmi?

The woman carrying a black case looked suspicious and the

customs officer asked her to open the case.

Qora jamadon ko‘targan ayol shubhali ko‘rindi va bojxona ofitseri undan

jamadonini ochishini so‘radi.

The book is on the table. You can take it.

Kitob stolning ustida. Uni olishing mumkin.

The dog was sitting at the door. The boy opened the door

and gave it a bone.

It eshik tagida o‘tirar edi. Bola eshikni ochib, unga suyak berdi.

He va she olmoshlari jinsiga qarab jonivorlarga

nisbatan ham qo‘llanishi mumkin.

The dog is looking for his/her/its bone.

It suyagini qidiryapti.

The hen cackled after she/it laid her/its egg.

Tuxumini tug‘ib bo‘lgach, tovuq qaqilladi.

Uchinchi shaxs birlik olmoshi it hamma jonsiz

narsalarga nisbatan ishlatiladi, biroq ship(kema)ga

nisbatan doim she ishlatiladi. Ba’zan insonga juda yaqin

bo‘lgan narsalar (masalan, avtomobil) ko‘pincha ayolga

qiyoslanib she olmoshi bilan ifodalanishi mumkin.

An’anaga ko‘ra he aralash guruhlarga yoki jinsi

noma’lum bo‘lgan guruhlarga nisbatan ishlatilib kelgan.

Lekin hozir ko‘pchilik buni ma’qullamaydi va bu

muammoni olmoshning ko‘plik shaklini (they) ishlatish

orqali chetlab o‘tish mumkin.

AN’ANAVIY:

Everybody brought his own book.

Har kim o‘z kitobini olib keldi.

NOQULAY:

Everybody brought his or her own book.

Har kim o‘z kitobini olib keldi.

QULAY:

All the students brought their own bookes.

Talabalarning hammasi o‘z kitoblarini olib keldilar.

Egalik olmoshlari

Kishilik olmoshlarining (Possessive Pronouns) har biri

o‘zining egalik olmoshiga ega. Egalik olmoshlarining ikki

shakli bor. Birinchisi oddiy shakli bo‘lib gapda aniqlovchi

vazifasida keladi. Ikkinchisi mutlaq shakli bo‘lib, gapda

otlar o‘rnida ishlatiladi.

Egalik olmoshlarining oddiy shakllari:

Birlik Ko‘plik

I shaxs

mening

our

bizning

II shaxs

your

sizning

III

shaxs

his

her

its

uning (er)

uning (ayol)

uning (narsa)

their

ularning

My brother is an investigator. His name is Charly.

Mening akam tergovchi. Uning ismi Charli.

Susan is not at home, she is at her aunt’s.

Syuzan uyda emas, u xolasinikida.

Ted washed his face and put on his glasses.

Ted yuzini yuvdi va ko‘zoynagini taqdi.

This word is not clear to me. I don’t know its meaning.

Bu so‘z menga tushunarli emas. Men uning ma’nosini bilmayman.

These people are from England and their language is

English.

Bu odamlar Angliyalik va ularning tili inglizcha.

Egalik olmoshlarining mutlaq shakllari gapda otning

o‘rnida ishlatiladi.

Birlik Ko‘plik

I shaxs

min

meniki

ours

bizniki

shaxs

yours

sizniki

III

shaxs

his

her

uniki (er)

uniki (ayol)

theirs

ularniki

This book is not mine, it is yours.

Bu kitob meniki emas, u seniki.

My family lives in Oregon, but his lives in California (his

family).

Mening oilam Oregonda yashaydi, lekin uniki Kaliforniyada yashaydi.

Their country is England but ours is Uzbekistan.

Ularning yurti Angliya, lekin bizniki O‘zbekistondir.

Our country is Uzbekistan but theirs is England.

Bizning mamlakatimiz O‘zbekiston, leking ularniki – Angliya.

Ko‘rsatish olmoshlari

Ko‘rsatish olmoshlarini (Demonstrative Pronouns)

yakka holda olmosh sifatida yoki otlardan oldin aniqlovchi

sifatida qo‘llash mumkin. Ko‘rsatish olmoshlari masofa

yoki masofaga bog‘liq bo‘lmagan nomuvofiqlikni

ifodalaydi.

So‘zlovchiga yaqinroq bo‘lgan narsa/shaxs yoki qiyosla-

nayotgan ikki narsadan birinchisini ifodalash uchun this

olmoshi ishlatiladi va o‘zbek tiliga “bu”, “ushbu”, “shu”,

“mana bu”, “bunisi” kabi olmoshlar bilan tarjima qilinadi.

Uning ko‘plik shakli these [δi:z] bo‘lib, ot o‘rnida

ishlatilganda o‘zbek tiliga ko‘plikda (“bular”, “shular”,

“mana bular”, “mana shular”, “bulari”, “shulari” tarzida),

biror otni aniqlab kelganda esa birlikda tarjima qilinadi.

This is my friend.

Bu - mening do‘stim.

This man is our teacher.

Bu kishi – bizning o‘qituvchimiz.

These are my books.

Bular – mening kitoblarim.

These books are not expensive.

Bu kitoblar qimmat emas.

So‘zlovchidan uzoqroq bo‘lgan narsa/shaxs yoki

qiyoslanayotgan ikki narsadan ikkinchisini ifodalash uchun

that olmoshi ishlatiladi va o‘zbek tiliga “u”, “o‘sha”,

“anavi”, “ana shu” kabi olmoshlar bilan tarjima qilinadi.

Uning ko‘plik shakli those bo‘lib, o‘zbek tiliga “ular”,

“o‘shalar”, “ana ular” kabi olmoshlar orqali tarjima

qilinadi. Aniqlovchi vazifasida kelganda odatda birlik

shaklida tarjima qilinadi.

That is not my book.

U mening kitobim emas.

That man didn’t tell me his address.

O‘sha kishi menga manzilini aytmadi.

Those roses are more beautiful.

Anavi atir gullar chiroyliroq.

Those are not your books.

Ular mening kitoblarim emas.

Those “kishilar”, “odamlar”, “shaxslar” ma’nosida ham

ishlatiladi.

Those who eat too much gain weight.

Juda ko‘p ovqat yeydigan odamlarning (kishilar/shaxslarning) vazni

og‘irlashadi.

Those who are friendly have many friends.

Xushmuomala kishilarning do‘stlari ko‘p bo‘ladi.

Birgalik olmoshlari

Hozirgi zamon ingliz tilidagi each other va one

another olmoshlari birgalik olmoshlari (Reciprocal

Pronouns) hisoblanadi.

each other – bir-bir(lar)i (-ni/-ga/-da/-dan)

one another – bir-bir(lar)i (-ni/-ga/-da/-dan)

Martha and Harold gave each other gifts on their wedding

anniversary.

Marta va Xarold nikoh yubileylarida bir-birlariga sovg‘alar berishdi.

The students greeted each other after their long summer

vacation.

Uzoq yozgi ta’tildan so‘ng talabalar bir-birlarini olqishladilar.

Members of the class were asked to prepare questions for

one another.

Sinf a’zolaridan bir-birlariga savollar tayyorlash so‘raldi.

Belgilash olmoshlari

Hozirgi zamon ingliz tilida all, half, each, every,

both, either, neither, another, other(s) kabi belgilash

olmoshlari (Defining Pronouns) ishlatiladi.

all

hamma(si),

barcha(si)

All are present.

Hamma bor.

All the boys are here.

Hamma bolalar shu yerda.

All his children are here.

Uning hamma bolalari shu yerda.

half

yarim, yarmi(si)

Half a loaf is better than none.

Yarimta non yo‘qdan ko‘ra yaxshiroq.

each (one)

har, har bir(i), har

qaysi(si)

Each summer they go to the country.

Har yoz ular qishloqqa borishadi.

Each of the students has own text-

book.

Har bir talabaning o‘z darsligi bor. (yoki

Talabalarning har biri o‘z darsligiga ega.)

Each one of the books is on the table.

Kitoblarning har biri stol ustida.

every

har, har bir, har qaysi

Every student has his own text-book

now.

Endi har bir talabaning o‘z darsligi bor.

both

ikkala(si), har ikka-

la(si), ikkovi, har

ikkovi

Both the children are asleep.

Ikkala bola (ham) uxlayapti. Yoki

Bolalarning (har) ikkalasi uxlayapti.

either

ikkala, har ikkala

If either of my brothers wins the race,

I will be happy.

Agar ikkala akam poygani yutsa, baxtiyor

bo‘lardim.

Do Mary and Margaret both want

bananas?

Meri va Margaret ikkalasi ham banan yeyishni

xohlaydimi?

Marry doesn’t want any, and Margaret

doesn’t, either.

Meri xohlamayapti, Margaret ham.

neither - not

either

o‘rnida

ishlatiladi

The first experiment did not give the

expected results, and neither did the

second one.

Birinchi tajriba kutilgan natijalarni bermadi,

ikkinchisi ham.

another

boshqa, boshqa bir,

yana, yana bir

Ted is reading another book now.

Ted hozir boshqa (bir) kitobni o‘qiyapti.

She wants another cup of tea.

U yana bir chashka choy ichmoqchi.

other

boshqa

He really doesn’t like other coffee.

U chindan ham boshqa kofeni yoqtirmaydi.

All other books are on the shelf.

Boshqa hamma kitoblar javonda.

others

boshqalar

Wait for the others.

Boshqalarni kuting.

Eslatma: Either va niether ko‘proq teng bog‘lovchi

vazifasida qo‘llanadi.

Kuchaytirish olmoshlari

Kuchaytirish olmoshlarining (Intensive Pronouns)

shakllari o‘zlik olmoshlariga mos keladi. Kuchaytirish

olmoshi to‘g‘ridan-to‘g‘ri o‘zi tegishli bo‘lgan so‘zdan keyin

yoki gap oxirida keladi. O‘zbek tiliga odatda “-ning o‘zi-”

yoki “o‘zi-” tarzida tarjima qilinadi.

The president herself spoke to us/The president spoke to

us herself.

Prezidentning o‘zi biz bilan gaplashdi.

The drivers themselves were to blame for the accident/The

drivers were blame for the accident themselves.

Baxtsiz hodisada haydovchilarning o‘zlari aybdor edilar.

The dean himself visited the class/The dean visited the

class himself.

Dekanning o‘zi sinfga tashrif buyurdi.

Margaret and I did the work ourselves.

Ishni Margaret va men ‘zimiz bajardik.

Agar birinchi shaxs olmoshi bilan ikkinchi shaxsdagi

olmoshni yoki uchinchi shaxsdagi ot yohud olmoshni birga

qo‘llash kerak bo‘lsa, birinchi shaxsdagi kuchaytirish

olmoshi gapda ikkala olmoshdan keyin keladi (gapdagi

ikkala boshqa olmoshga tegishli ekanini ko‘rsatish uchun).

Agar ikkinchi shaxsdagi olmosh bilan uchinchi shaxsdagi

ot yoki olmoshni ishlatish kerak bo‘lsa, ikkinchi shaxsdagi

kuchaytirish olmoshi avvalgi ikkala olmoshdan keyin

keladi.

III

shaxs

I shaxs

Don and

I found

ourselve

wandering through the

building looking for the right classroom.

You and Paul lost control of yourselves at the party last

night.

O‘tgan oqshomdagi kechada sen va Paul o‘zingizni yo‘qotib

qo‘ydinglar.

O‘zlik olmoshlari

Ingliz tilida o‘zlik olmoshlari (Reflexive Pronouns) fe’l

yoki predlog to‘ldiruvchisi vazifasida gapning egasiga

tegishli ekanini ko‘rsatish uchun qo‘llanadi. Hozirgi zamon

ingliz tilida qo‘llanadigan o‘zlik olmoshlari quyidagilar:

birlik ko‘plik

I shaxs

II shaxs

III

shaxs

myself o‘zim

yourself o‘zing

himself o‘zi

herself o‘zi

itself o‘zi

ourselves o‘zimiz

yourselves o‘zlaringiz

hemselves o‘zlari

The child is able to dress himself.

Bolaning o‘zi kiyina oladi.

Albert hit himself on the elbow with a bat.

Albert o‘zinig tirsagiga to‘qmoq bilan urdi.

The hunter accidentally shot himself in the foot.

Ovchi bexosdan o‘z oyog‘iga otib qo‘ydi.

The boy is old enough to go on the bus all by himself.

Bola avtobusda yolg‘iz o‘zi yurish uchun yetarlicha ulg‘aygan.

O‘zlik olmoshi oxirgi misolimizdagi kabi all by

birikmasi bilan kelganda “yolg‘iz o‘zi”, “boshqalarning

yordamisiz” ma’nosini ifodalaydi.

Istisno: makonni ifodalovchi predlogli birikmalarda

o‘zlik olmoshlari o‘rnida ularning obyekt kelishigidagi

shakllari qo‘llandi.

They put their books on the tables in front of them.

Ular kitoblarini (o‘zlarining) oldilaridagi stol ustiga qo‘yishdi.

Walter looked up at the light above him.

Uolter o‘zining tepasidagi chiroqqa qaradi.

The little girl hid her hands behind her.

Qizcha qo‘llarini (o‘zinig) orqasiga yashirdi.

Some, any, no olmoshlari

Some olmoshi “bir necha”, “bir qancha” degan

ma’nolarni anglatib, faqat bo‘lishli gaplarda ishlatiladi.

There are some books on the table.

Stol ustida bir qancha kitoblar bor.

I’ve got some French books.

Menda bir nechta fransuzcha kitob(lar) bor.

Any olmoshi bo‘lishsiz va so‘roq gaplarda some

o‘rnida ishlatiladi va “hech qancha”, “hech qanday”,

“birorta” kabi ma’nolarni anglatadi.

There are not any book(s) on the table.

Stolning ustida hech qanday kitob yo‘q.

Are there any book(s) on the table?

Stolning ustida birorta kitob bormi?

I haven’t got any French books.

Menda hech qanday fransuzcha kitob yo‘q.

Have you got any French books?

Sizda birorta fransuzcha kitob bormi?

Any olmoshi bo‘lishli gaplarda “har qanday”, “istagan”,

“xohlagan” kabi ma’nolarda ishlatiladi.

Come and see me any time.

Istagan vaqtda kelib, men bilan uchrash.

Some va any sanalmaydigan otlardan oldin kelganda

odatda o‘zbek tiliga tarjima qilinmaydi.

Give me some milk, please.

Iltimos, menga sut bering.

I’ve got some money, but not enough to buy a car.

Menda pul bor, lekin mashina sotib olish uchun yetarli emas.

Is there any butter in the fridge?

Muzlatkichda saryog‘ bormi?

Some va any olmoshlaridan keyin of predlogi kelishi

mumkin.

some of ... -ning/-dan ba’zilari (ayrimlari/bir nechtasi/bir

qanchasi)

Some of the books are on the table.

Kitoblarning ayrimlari stolning ustida.

Some of the participiants will come later.

Ishtirokchilardan ba’zilari kechroq kelishadi.

any of ... bo‘lishli gaplarda -ning/-dan istalgani (har

biri/ har bittasi/ har qaysisi/qaysi biri bo‘lsa ham );

bo‘lishsiz gaplarda -ning/-dan hech biri (hech

qaysisi/birortasi ham).

Any of the books will do.

O‘sha kitoblarning qaysi biri bo‘lsa ham bo‘laveradi.

Any of those people couldn’t give useful information.

O‘sha kishilarning hech biri foydali ma’lumot bera olmadi.

Eslatma: Agar so‘roq gap orqali biror narsa taklif qilinsa

yoki so‘ralsa any emas some olmoshi qo‘llanadi.

Would you like some coffee?

Kofe ichishni xohlaysizmi?

Would you like some cheese?

Pishloq yeyishni xohlaysizmi?

Could you lend me some money?

Menga qarzga pul bera olasizmi?

No olmoshi faqat bo‘lishsiz gaplarda not any o‘rnida

ishlatilishi mumkin.

There are no book(s) on the table.

Stolning ustida kitob(lar) yo‘q.

I have no time to do it now.

Buni qilishga hozir vaqtim yo‘q.

Some, any va no olmoshlarining har biri body, one,

thing, where so‘zlari bilan birikib yangi olmoshlarni hosil

qiladi.

somebody/someo

anybody/anyone

anything

nobody/no-one

nothing

something

somewhere

anywhere nowhere

Somebody va someone olmoshlari ma’nodosh

bo‘lib, “kimdir” degan ma’noni anglatadi.

Somebody (or someone) is knocking the door.

Kimdir eshikni taqillatyapti.

Something “nimadir”, “biror nima”, “biror narsa”

kabi ma’nolarda ishlatiladi.

I am hungry. I want to eat something.

Qornim ochdi. Biror narsa yegim kelyapti.

Somewhere – “biror joy”, “biror yer”, “qayerdir” kabi

ma’nolarni ifodalaydi.

“Where is Ted?” “He is somewhere in Europe.”

“Ted qayerda?” “U Yevropaning biror yerida.”

Some bilan yasalgan barcha olmoshlar tasdiq gaplarda

ishlatiladi.

Anybody va anyone olmoshlari so‘roq va inkor

gaplarda “kimdir”, “biror kishi”, “hech kim” kabi

ma’nolarda ishlatiladi.

Can anybody/anyone help? (it does not matter who)

Biror kishi yordam bera oladimi? (kim bo‘lishidan qat’i nazar)

Don’t let anyone open the door.

Hech kim eshikni ochmasin.

They did not find anybody who could help them.

Ular yordam bera oladigan hech kimni topmadilar.

Anything olmoshi so‘roq va inkor gaplarda “nimadir”,

“biror narsa”, “hech narsa” kabi ma’nolarda ishlatiladi.

Did he tell you anything about that accident?

U sizga o‘sha baxtsiz voqea haqida biror narsa aytib berdimi?

He doesn’t know anything about the accident.

Baxtsiz voqea haqida u hech narsa bilmaydi.

Anywhere olmoshi so‘roq va inkor gaplarda “biror

yer”, “biror yoq”, “biror joy”, “hech yer”, “hech qayer” kabi

ma’nolarda ishlatiladi.

Will you go anywhere this weekend?

Bu dam olish kunlari biror yoqqa borasizmi?

Last evening I was at home; I didn’t go anywhere.

Kecha kechqurun uyda edim; hech qayerga bormadim.

Nobody/no-one faqat inkor gaplarda “hech kim”,

“hech kimsa” kabi ma’nolarda ishlatiladi va not anyone

o‘rnida qo‘llanishi mumkin.

Nobody needs to worry about ice storms in Jamaica.

Yamaykada hech kim qorbo‘ron haqida qayg‘urmaydi.

The examinator asked somebody to come in but

nobody/no-one came in.

Imtihon qiluvchi biror kishining kirishini iltimos qildi, lekin hech kim

kirmadi.

Nothing olmoshi faqat inkor gaplarda “hech narsa”

ma’nosida ishlatiladi.

Nothing of their plans was known to me.

Ularning rejasi haqida hech narsa bilmas edim.

There is nothing in the box; it is empty.

Qutida hech narsa yo‘q; u bo‘m-bo‘sh.

Nowhere olmoshi faqat inkor gaplarda “hech yer”,

“hech yoq” kabi ma’nolarda ishlatiladi.

Nowhere have I seen so many beautiful houses.

Men bunday chiroyli uylarni hech qayerda ko‘rmaganman.

SHAXSSIZ GAPLAR

IMPERSONAL SENTENCES (IT …)

Ingliz tilida har qanday gapning egasi bo‘lishi kerak.

Shuning uchun o‘zbek tilidagi Qish. Sovuq. Qorong‘i.

kabi gaplarni ingliz tilida ifodalash uchun it olmoshini ega

vazifasida qo‘llash kerak.

Ega Kesim

It is dark.

Qorong‘i.

It is cold.

Sovuq.

It is easy.

Oson.

It rained.

Yomg‘ir yog‘di

Bunday gaplardagi it olmoshi o‘zbek tiliga tarjima

qilinmaydi. Bog‘lovchi va yordamchi fe’llar (is, was, will be,

had been) shaxs va zamonni ifodalash uchun ishlatiladi.

It’s getting late.

Kech bo‘lyapti.

It’s too early to go now.

Ketishga hali juda erta.

It was dark.

Qorong‘i edi.

It won’t be easy.

Oson bo‘lmaydi.

Kesimning ismdan iborat qismi odatda ot, sifat, son,

ravish turkumlaridan biriga oid so‘zdan iborat bo‘ladi.

It’s summer now.

Hozir yoz (fasli).

It was warm and so he didn’t put on his coat.

Havo iliq edi, shuning uchun u paltosini kiymadi.

It was nine (o’clock) when we got home.

Uyga kelganimizda soat to‘qqiz edi.

It was early mormimg.

Erta tong edi.

Shaxssiz gaplar odatda quyidagi holatlarda qo‘llanadi:

1. Tabiat hodisalarini ifodalashda:

It rains often in England.

Angliyada tez-tez yomg‘ir yog‘adi.

It doesn’t snows in summer.

Yozda qor yog‘maydi.

It rained last morning.

Kecha ertalab yomg‘ir yog‘di.

It snowed much last winter.

O‘tgan qish ko‘p qor yog‘di.

It is not raining now.

Hozir yomg‘ir yog‘mayapti.

2. Ob-havo sharoitini ifodalashda:

It is windy.

Shamol.

It is foggy.

Tuman.

Havoning ochiq yoki bulutli, issiq yoki sovuq ekanligi

kabi belgilari ifodalangan inglizcha gaplar o'zbek tiliga

“havo” yoki “kun” so'zini qo'shib tarjima qilinadi.

It’s warm.

Havo iliq.

It’s cloudy.

Havo bulut.

It is fine.

Havo yaxshi.

It is hot

Kun issiq.

It is cold

(Kun) sovuq.

It’s sunny.

Havo ochiq (quyoshli)

3. Vaqtni ifodalashda:

It’s five o’clock.

Soat besh.

It’s time to go home.

Uyga ketadigan vaqt bo‘ldi.

It was early when we got home.

Uyga kelganimizda hali erta edi.

It will be cold when winter sets in.

Qish kirgach, sovuq bo‘ladi.

4. Masofani ifodalashda:

It is a long way from here to the airport.

Bu yerdan aeroportgacha uzoq.

We can walk home. It isn’t far.

Uyga piyoda ketishimiz mumkin. Uzoq emas.

It’s 20 miles from our village to the nearest town.

Qishlog‘imizdan eng yaqin shahargacha 20 mil (masofa bor).

5. Harakat yoki hodisaga munosabatni ifodalashda:

It’s easy.

Oson.

It’s nice.

Maroqli.

It’s dangerous.

Havfli.

It’s possible.

Mumkin.

It’s good.

Yaxshi.

It’s wonderful.

G‘aroyib.

It’s safe.

Ishonchli.

It’s difficult.

Qiyin.

It’s expensive.

Qimmat.

It’s stupid.

Ahmoqlik.

It’s impossible.

Mumkin emas.

It’s terrible.

Azob.

It’s cheap.

Arzon.

It’s O.K.

Yaxshi.

THERE IS / THERE ARE

KONSTRUKSIYASI

THE CONSTRUCTION THERE IS /

THERE ARE

There is (There are) bilan boshlanuvchi gaplar biror

joyda biror kimsa (kimsalar) yoki narsa(lar)ning borligini

ifodalayadi. Mazkur konstruksiyali gaplardagi so‘zlar

tartibi quyidagicha bo‘ladi:

there is/are ega o‘rin holi

There is

a newspaper

There are newspapers

on the table.

Bunday gaplar o‘zbek tiliga o‘rin holidan boshlab

tarjima qilinadi.

Stol ustida gazeta(lar) bor.

Eslatma: Gapda bir nechta ega kelgan bo‘lsa, kesim

(to be) odatda, o‘zidan keyin turgan ega bilan sonda

moslashadi.

There is a table and five chairs in the room. Xonada stol va

beshta stul bor.

Tasdiq, inkor va so‘roq gaplarning yasalishi:

Birlik

Tasdiq

gap

here is a book on the table.

Stol ustida kitob bor.

here’s a good film on TV today.

Bugun televizorda yaxshi film bor.

Inkor

gap

here is not any book on the table.

Stol ustida hech qanday kitob yo‘q.

here isn’t any good film on TV today.

Bugun televizorda hech qanday yaxshi film yo‘q.

here is no good film on TV today.

Bugun televizorda yaxshi film yo‘q.

So‘roq

gap

Is there any book on the table?

Stol ustida birorta kitob bormi?

Is there any good film on TV today?

Bugun televizorda biror yaxshi film bormi?

Ko‘plik

Tasdiq

gap

here are some / a few / many chairs in this

room.

onada bir nechta (ozgina/ko‘) stullar bor.

Inkor

gap

here are not any chairs in this room.

onada hech qancha stillar yo‘q.

here’re no factories in our district.

Bizning tumanda fabrikalar yo‘q.

here are no good films on TV today.

Bugun televizorda yaxshi filmlar yo‘q.

So‘roq

gap

re there any books on the table?

Stol ustida qanchadir kitoblar bormi?

re there any factories in your district?

Sizning tumaningizda qandaydir fabrikalar bormi?

Sanalmaydigan otlar bilan:

There is

some

little

a little

a lot of

much

bread at home.

sugar in the cup.

butter on the plate.

money in my bag.

oil in our country.

work at our office today.

There is / There are dan keyin sanaladigan ot

birlikda kelsa, u noaniq artikl bilan ishlatiladi. Ko‘plikdagi

sanaladigan otlar va sanalmaydigan otlar bilan esa, some,

any, no olmoshlari ishlatiladi.

There is a telephone in that room.

O‘sha xonada telefon bor.

There are some students in the library.

Kutubxonada bir nechta talabalar bor.

There aren’t any children in the park.

Istirohat bog‘ida bolalar yo‘q.

O‘tgan zamonda is o‘rniga was, are o‘rnida were

qo‘llanadi.

There was ... / There was not (wasn't) ... / Was there ... ?

There were ... / There were not (weren't) ... / Were there ... ?

Kelasi zamonda is va are o‘rniga will be ishlatiladi.

There will be ... / There will not (won’t) be ... / Will there be

... ?

HAVE GOT / HAS GOT

Og‘zaki nutqda “ega bo‘lmoq” ma’nosida have (has)

got ishlatilib, o‘zbek tiliga “bor” deb tarjima qilinadi.

Tasdiq (positive)

You

They

have

(got)

a car.

Menda

Bizda

Sizda

Ularda

mashin

bor.

She

has

(got)

a car.

Unda

mashin

bor.

I have got black eyes. yoki I have black eyes.

Mening ko‘zlarim qora.

He has got a large family. yoki He has a large family.

Uning katta oilasi bor.

They have got a lot of English books. yoki They have a lot

of English books.

Ularda ko‘p inglizcha kitoblar bor.

Inkor (negative)

You

They

haven’t

(got)

a car.

Menda

Bizda

Sizda

Ularda

mashin

yo‘q.

She

hasn’t (got)

a car.

Unda

mashin

yo‘q.

I have got a sister but I haven’t got a brother.

Mening singlim bor, lekin ukam yo‘q.

They haven’t got any animals at home.

Ularning uyida jonvorlar yo‘q.

So‘roq (question)

Hav

you

they

(got

)

a car?

Menda

Bizda

Sizda

Ularda

mashina

bormi?

Has

she

(got

)

a car?

Unda

mashina

bormi?

Have you got a car? – Yes, I have.

Mashinangiz bormi? – Ha, bor.

Has Ann got a family? – No, she hasn’t.

Annaning oilasi bormi? – Yo‘q.

Have they got any witnesses? – I don’t know.

Ularning guvohlari bormi? – Bilmadim.

Inkor va so‘roq gaplarda do fe’lini ishlatish mumkin.

They don’t have any children. yoki They haven’t got any

children.

Ularning bolalari yo‘q.

Does Ann have a car? yoki Has Ann got a car?

Annaning mashinasi bormi?

Do you have any question? – No, I don’t.

Birorta savolingiz bormi? - Yo‘q.

Negative (inkor) don’t have / doesn’t have

Menda

Bizda mashina yo‘q.

Sizda

You

The

don’t (do not) have a car.

Ularda

Unda

mashina yo‘q.

She

doesn’t (does not) have a

car.

Question (so‘roq) Do you have / Does she have

Menda

Bizda mashina

bormi?

you

have a car?

Sizda

they

Ularda

Does

Unda mashina

bormi?

she

have a car?

Do you have enough time to do your lessons? – No, I don’t

have.

Darslaringni tayyorlash uchun vaqting yetarlimi? – Yo‘q.

O‘tgan zamonda have / has o‘rnida had shakli

ishlatiladi.

I had some money.

Menda (bir qancha) pul bor edi.

I didn’t have any money.

Menda (hech qancha) pul yo‘q edi.

Did you have any money?

Pulingiz bormidi?

Have got va has got shakllari faqat hozirgi zamonga

xosdir.

Have fe’li breakfast, dinner, supper, tea, coffee

kabi bir qator otlar bilan birikib kelganda o‘zbek tiliga

o‘ziga xos tarzda tarjima qilinadi:

to have dinner

ovqatlanmoq / tushlik qilmoq

to have supper

ovqatlanmoq (kechki ovqat haqida)

to have a cup of tea

bir chashka choy ichmoq.

I usually have dinner at two o’clock.

Men odatda soat ikkida tushlik qilaman.

I don’t have breakfast in the morning.

Men ertalab nonushta qilmayman.

I had dinner at 3 yesterday.

Kecha soat 3 da tushlik qildim.

SIFAT va RAVISHLARNING

QIYOSIY DARAJALARI

COMPARATIVE DEGREES of

ADJECTIVES and ADVERBS

Ingliz tilidagi sifat va ravishlarning ham o‘zbek tilidagi

kabi uchta qiyosiy darajasi mavjud: oddiy, qiyosiy va

orttirma darajalar.

Qisqa (bir yoki ikki bo‘g‘inli) so‘zlarning qiyosiy

darajasi -er va orttirma darajasi -est qo‘shimchalari

yordamida yasaladi. Orttirma darajadagi sifat yoki ravish

oldidan aniq artikl (the) ishlatiladi.

deep – deeper – the deepest

chuqur – chuqurroq – eng chuqur

small – smaller – the smallest

kichik – kichikroq – eng kichik

Undosh ketidan kelgan “y” harfiga tugagan so‘zlarga -

er va -est qo‘shimchalari qo‘shilganda “y” harfi “i”ga

aylanadi.

easy – easier - the easiest

oson – osonroq – eng oson

busy – busier – the busiest

band – bandroq – eng band

dirty - dirtier – the dirtiest

iflos – iflosroq – eng iflos

Qisqa unlidan keyin keluvchi undoshga tugagan

so‘zlarga -er yoki -est qo‘shilganda oxirgi undosh

ikkilanadi.

thin – thinner – the thinnest

yupqa – yupqaroq – eng yupqa

big – bigger – the biggest

katta – kattaroq – eng katta

Ko‘pchilik ikki bo‘g‘inli va barcha ko‘p bo‘g‘inli sifat va

ravishlarning qiyosiy hamda orttirma darajalari more

“ko‘proq” yoki less “kamroq”, most “eng ko‘p” yoki least

“eng kam” so‘zlari yordamida yasaladi.

difficult – more difficult – the most difficult

qiyin – qiyinroq – eng qiyin

interesting – more interesting – the most interesting

qiziq – qiziqroq – eng qiziq

Qiyosiy darajadagi sifat va ravishlardan keyin

“qaraganda”, “nisbatan” ma’nosidagi than bog‘lovchisi

keladi.

Peter, David and Stephen are all tall.

Piter, David va Stefan – barchasi novcha.

Peter is taller than David.

Piter Daviddan novcharoq.

Stephen is taller than both David and Peter.

Stefan Daviddan ham, Piterdan ham novcharoq.

Staphen is the tallest of the three.

Stefan uchchalasining ichida eng novchasi.

This book is more interesting than that one.

Bu kitob narigisidan qiziqarliroq.

Qiyosiy darajani kuchaytirish uchun “ancha”

ma’nosidagi much so‘zi ishlatiladi.

The Volga is much longer than the Neva.

Volga Nevadan ancha uzun(roq).

Bir xil sifatli ikki narsa qiyoslanganda oddiy darajadagi

sifat yoki ravishning oldidan va ketidan as … as qo‘yiladi

va o‘zbek tiliga “(xuddi) … kabi”, “(xuddi … -ga o‘xshab”, “-

chalik”, “(xuddi) … -dek/-daka” tarzida tarjima qilinadi.

This book is as interesting as that one.

Bu kitob (xuddi) narigisi kabi qiziq.

Was that man as fat as you?

O‘sha kishi (xuddi) siz kabi semizmidi?

Inkor gaplarda birinchi as ko‘pincha so bilan

almashadi.

This armchair is not so comfortable as that one.

Bu kreslo narigisichalik qulay emas.

Ayrim sifatlarning qiyosiy va orttirma darajalari

boshqa so‘zlar bilan ifodalanadi.

good – better – the best

yaxshi – yaxshiroq – eng yaxshi

bad – worse – the worst

yomon – yomonroq – eng yomon

little – less – the least

kichik/kam – kichikroq/kamroq – eng kichik/eng kam

many – more – the most

ko‘p – ko‘proq – eng ko‘p

much – more – the most

ko‘p – ko‘proq – eng ko‘p

All of the boys’ work is good.

Hamma bolalarning ishi yaxshi.

Tom’s work is better than Ted’s.

Tomning ishi Tednikidan yaxshiroq.

Fred’s work is better than both Tom’s and Ted’s.

Fredning ishi Tomnikidan ham, Tednikidan ham yaxshiroq.

Fred’s work is the best.

Fredning ishi eng yaxshisi.

FE’L ZAMONLARI

TENSE

Oddiy hozirgi zamon

Fe’lning hozirgi oddiy zamon (Simple Present Tense)

shakli infinitivning “to”siz shakliga to‘g‘ri keladi. Uchinchi

shaxs birlikda fe’l o‘zagiga -(e)s qo‘shimchasi qo‘shiladi.

Positive Tasdiq

You

They

She

play

plays

Men o‘ynayman.

Biz o‘ynaymiz.

Siz o‘ynaysiz.

Ular o‘ynaydilar.

U o‘ynaydi.

Uchinchi shaxs birlikda ishlatilayotgan fe’l undoshdan

keyin keluvchi “y” harfiga tugagan bo‘lsa, “y” harfi “i”ga

aylanadi va “-es” qo‘shimchasi qo‘shiladi:

study – studies try - tries

“o” unlisi va “ch”, “sh”, “s” yoki “x” sirg‘aluvchi

undoshlar bilan tugagan so‘zlarga “-es” qo‘shimchasi

qo‘shiladi:

go – goes teach – teaches fish – fishes

do - does pass – passes fix - fixes

Inkor va so‘roq gaplar do yordamchi fe’li vositasida

yasaladi.

Negative Inkor

You

They

do not

(don’t)

play

Men o‘ynamayman.

Biz o‘ynamaymiz.

Siz o‘ynamaysiz.

Ular o‘ynamaydilar.

She

does

not

(doesn’t

)

play

U o‘ynamaydi.

Question So‘roq

Doe

You

They

She

play?

Men o‘ynaymanmi?

Biz o‘ynaymizmi?

Siz o‘ynaysizmi?

Ular o‘ynaydilarmi?

U o‘ynaydimi?

Oddiy hozirgi zamon har xil holatlarda ishlatilishi

mumkin. U doim ham hozir bo‘layotgan ish-harakat yoki

holatni ifodalamaydi.

Oddiy hozirgi zamon quyidagi hollarda ishlatiladi:

1. Biror narsa yoki kimsaning hozirgi holati yoki

maqomini ifodalash uchun holat fe’llari bilan.

Ben is hungry.

Benning qorni och.

Now I believe that you are right.

Endi haqligingga ishonyapman (yoki ishondim).

That cake smells good.

Anavi shirin kulchadan yaxshi hid kelyapti.

Do you realize what you are saying?

Nima deyayotganingni tushunyapsanmi?

Caroline attends college in Canada.

Karolin Kanadada kollejga qatnaydi (yoki qatnayapti).

Does Harold live in Rome now?

Harold hozir Rimda yashayaptimi?

Bunday gaplarda now, at this time/moment,

today, tonight, this minute/morning/noon/evening

kabi payt ravishlari kelishi mumkin.

2. Oddiy hozirgi zamon mutlaq haqiqat yoki tabiiy

qonuniyatni ifodalash uchun ishlatiladi.

The moon affects the tides.

Oy suvning ko‘tarilishi va pasayishiga ta’sir qiladi.

Parallel lines never meet.

Parallel chiziqlar hech qachon to‘qnashmaydi.

Hot air rises.

Issiq havo (yuqoriga) ko‘tariladi.

Hydrogen and oxygen combine to make water.

Suv hosil bo‘lishi uchun vodorod bilan kislorod qo‘shiladi.

Bunday gaplarda always (doim), never (hech

qachon), inevitably (muqarrar), without fail (albatta),

at all times (hamisha), invariably (shubhasiz) kabi payt

ravishlari kelishi mumkin.

3. Oddiy hozirgi zamon odat tusiga kirgan,

takrorlanuvchi ish-harakatni ifodalash uchun ishlatiladi.

Beverly drinks coffee every morning.

Beverli har kuni ertalab kofe ichadi.

We always celebrate my birthday with a family party.

Biz doim mening tug‘ilgan kunimni oilaviy kecha bilan

nishonlaymiz.

The Browns do not wash their windows every week.

Braunlar derazalarini har hafta yuvishmaydi.

Do the Andersons plant tomatoes every year?

Andersonlar har yili pamidor ekishadimi?

Bunday gaplarda always (doim), never (hech

qachon), usually (odatda), seldom (kamdan

kam/ba’zida), sometimes (ba’zan), rarely (kamdan

kam), not ever (doim emas), occasionally (tasodifan),

often (tez-tez), not often (tez-tez emas), every (har),

each (har) kabi payt ravishlari kelishi mumkin.

4. Hozirgi oddiy zamon badiiy, ilmiy, sahna va san’at

asarlarini muhokama qilishda boshqalarning avval aytgan

yoki yozgan gaplariga murojaat qilinganda tarixiy hozirgi

zamonni ko‘rsatish uchun ishlatiladi.

In the short story “The Lottery”, Shirly Jackson writes an

allegory of the injustice of life.

“Lottereya” nomli qisqa hikoyasida, Shirli Jakson hayot

adolatsizligi allegoriyasini yozgan.

Darwin presents evidence for the development of life from

lower to higher forms.

Darvin hayotning quyi shakldan yuqori shaklga qarab rivojlanishi

haqida dalillar keltiradi.

The author of this textbook explains the problem clearly.

Bu darslik muallifi muammolarni yaxshi tushuntirib bergan.

Bunda gapda skillfully (mohirona), cleverly

(oqilona), correctly (to‘g‘ri), incorrectly (noto‘g‘ri),

clumsily (qo‘pol), brilliantly (a’lo darajada), well

(yaxshi), poorly (bo‘sh), adequately (mos tarzda),

inadequately (nomuvofiq tarzda), properly (to‘g‘ri),

rightly (haqli ravishda), wrongly (noto‘g‘ri) kabi

baholash ravishlari kelishi mumkin.

5. Hozirgi oddiy zamon biror narsani izohlash,

tushintirish yoki aniqlashda ishlatiladi.

To fight against criminality means to prevent and solve

crimes.

Jinoyatchilikka qarshi kurashmoq jinoyatlarni oldini olmoq va

ochmoq demakdir.

An investigator solves crimes but an operative worker

detects criminals.

Tergovchi jinoyatlarni ochadi, tezkor xodim esa, jinoyatchilarni

izlab topadi.

6. Hozirgi oddiy zamon shart va payt ergash gaplarda

kelajakda sodir bo‘lishi mumkin bo‘lgan ish-harakatni

ifodalashda ishlatiladi.

Uncle Robert will give you fifty dollars if he likes your

work.

Agar ishing yoqsa, Robert amaki senga ellik dollar beradi.

Uncle Robert will give you fifty dollars when he sees you.

Robert amaki seni ko‘rganida senga ellik dollar beradi.

7. Hozirgi oddiy zamon keljakda sodir bo‘lishi aniq

bo‘lgan ish-harakatni ifodalashda ishlatiladi.

The plane leaves at 9:25 tonight.

Samolyot kechqurun soat 9:25da uchadi.

The term is over on December 16.

Muddat 16 dekabrda tugaydi.

Oddiy kelasi zamon

Fe’lning oddiy kelasi zamon (The Simple Future Tense)

shaklini yasash uchun shall (I shaxs birlik va ko‘plikda) va

will (II va III shaxslar birlik va ko‘plikda) yordamchi

fe’llari hamda asosiy fe’lning “to”siz infinitiv shaklidan

foydalaniladi. Hozirgi ingliz tilida barcha shaxslar uchun,

ham birlikda ham ko‘plikda will yordamchi fe’lini qo‘llash

oddiy holga aylangan.

I shall (will) do it tomorrow.

Men buni ertaga bajaraman.

Og‘zaki nutqda tasdiq va so‘roq gaplarda yordamchi

fe’llarning qisqargan shakllari ishlatiladi.

Birlik Ko‘plik

to‘liq

shakli

qisqargan

shakli

to‘liq shakli

qisqargan

shakli

I shall

I will

= I’ll

we shall

he will

= we’ll

he will

she will

= he’ll

= she’ll

you will

they will

= you’ll

= they’ll

shall not = shan’t

will not = won’t.

So‘roq gaplarda yordamchi fe’l egadan oldin qo‘yiladi.

Tasdiq gap So‘roq gap

You

will

(‘ll)

be ... .

have ... .

come ...

you

be ... ?

have ... ?

come ... ?

They

She

will

not

(won’t)

do ... .

go ... .

take ... .

give ... .

Will

they

she

do ... ?

go ... ?

take ... ?

give ... ?

Simple Future kelgusida sodir bo‘ladigan ish-

harakatlarni ifodalaydi. Kelasi zamonda ko‘pincha quyidagi

payt ravishlari ishlatiladi:

tonight bugun tunda

tomorrow ertaga

the day after tomorrow indinga

in two days (a month) ikki kundan (bir oydan) keyin

next week kelasi hafta(da)

next month kelasi oy(da)

soon yaqinda, tezda

She travels a lot. Today she is in London. Tomorrow she’ll

be in Rome, next week she’ll be in Tokyo.

U juda ko‘p sayohat qiladi. Bugun u Londonda. Ertaga u Rimda

bo‘ladi, kelasi hafta(da) Tokioda bo‘ladi.

We’ll probably go out for a walk after dinner.

Tushlikdan keyin sayr qilishga chiqsak kerak.

I won’t be at home tonight.

Bugun tunda uyda bo‘lmayman.

Simple Future (oddiy kelasi zamon) ko‘pincha if,

when, after, as soon as, before bog‘lovchilari bilan

bog‘langan shart va payt ergash gapli qo‘shma gaplarda

ishlatiladi. Bunday qo‘shma gaplardagi bosh gap odatda

kelasi zamonda keladi.

Oddiy kelasi zamon be going to “-moqchi” vositasida

ham ifodalanishi mumkin.

Oddiy o‘tgan zamon

to be fe’lining tuslanishi

Oddiy o‘tgan zamonda (The Simple Past Tense) to be

(bo‘lmoq) fe’li ikki shaklda ishlatiladi: was - birlikda va

were - ko‘plikda.

Tasdiq

Inkor

She

was

edim

edi

she

was

not/wasn’t

emasdim

emasdi

You

They

wer

edik

edingiz

edilar

you

the

were

not/weren’t

emasdik

emasdingiz

emasdilar

So'roq Javob

Was

I … ?

he … ?

she … ?

it … ?

edimmi?

edimi?

Yes,

(No,

)

you were. (were not)

he was. (was not)

she was. (wasn’t)

it was. (wasn’t)

Wer

we … ?

you … ?

they … ?

edikmi?

edingizmi?

edingmi?

edilarmi?

Yes,

(No,

)

you were. (weren’t)

we were. (were not)

I was. (wasn’t)

they were. (weren’t)

To‘g‘ri va noto‘g‘ri fe’llar

O‘tgan zamon shaklining yasalishiga ko‘ra ingliz tilidagi

fe’llar ikki turga bo‘linadi: to‘g‘ri fe’llar (regular verbs) va

noto‘g‘ri fe’llar (irregular verbs).

To‘g‘ri fe’llarning o‘tgan zamon shakli -ed

qo‘shimchasi yordamida yasaladi va [d] yoki [t] yohud [id]

tarzida talaffuz qilinadi:

Jarangli undoshlar va unlilardan keyin [d] tarzida:

to open – opened

ochmoq – ochdi

to play – played

o‘ynamoq – o‘ynadi

Jarangsiz undoshlardan keyin [t] tarzida:

to work – worked

ishlamoq – ishladi

to talk – talked

gaplashmoq – gaplashdi

“d” va “t” harflaridan keyin [id] tarzida:

to want – wanted

xohlamoq – xohladi

to shout – shouted

baqirmoq – baqirdi

to depend – depended

bog‘liq bo‘lmoq – bog‘liq

edi

to demand –

demanded

talab qilmoq – talab

qildi

Imlo (spelling)

“-e” harfiga tugagan to‘g‘ri fe’llarga -d harfini qo‘shib

o‘tgan zamon shakli yasaladi:

to translate – translated

tarjima qilmoq – tarjima

qildi

to investigate – investigated

tekshirmoq – tekshirdi

Undoshdan keyin keluvchi “y” harfiga tugagan fe’lga -

ed qo‘shimchasi qo‘shilganda “y” harfi “i”ga aylanadi.

to study– studied

tahsil olmoq – tahsil

oldi

to identify – identified

aynanlashtirmoq – aynanlashtirdi

Noto‘g‘ri fe’llarning o‘tgan zamon shakli fe’l o‘zagining

o‘zgarishi bilan hosil bo‘ladi.

to write – wrote

yozmoq – yozdi

to go – went

bormoq - bordi

to become –

became

bo‘lmoq – bo‘ldi

to have – had

ega bo‘lmoq – ega edi

Hozirgi ingliz tilida ko‘p ishlatiladigan noto‘g‘ri

fe’llarning ro‘yxati qo‘llanmaning oxiriga ilova qilingan.

Positive (tasdiq)

She

You

They

watched

did.

went.

rained.

played.

begun.

cleaned.

Ko‘rdim.

Qildi.

Bordi.

Yomg‘ir yog‘di.

O‘ynadik.

Boshlading(iz).

Tozaladilar/tozalashdi.

Inkor va so‘roq gaplar do yordamchi fe’lning o‘tgan

zamon shakli did vositasida yasaladi.

Negative (inkor)

She

You

They

did

not

(didn’t

)

watch.

do.

go.

rain.

play.

begin.

clean.

Ko‘rmadim.

Qilmadi.

Bormadi.

Yomg‘ir yog‘madi.

O‘ynamadik.

Boshlamading(iz).

Tozalamadilar/tozalashmadi.

Interrogative (so‘roq)

she

you

the

watch?

do?

go?

rain?

play?

begin?

clean?

Ko‘rdimmi?

Qildimi?

Bordimi?

Yomg‘ir yog‘dimi?

O‘ynadikmi?

Boshlading(iz)mi?

Tozaladilarmi/tozalashdimi?

Oddiy o‘tgan zamon quyidagi hollarda ishlatiladi:

1. O‘tmishda bir marta sodir bo‘lgan ish-harakatni

ifodalash uchun yesterday (kecha), the day before

yesterday (o‘tgan kuni), yesterday morning (kecha

ertalab), last night (kecha oqshom), an hour/a week/a

month/a year ago (bir soat/hafta/oy/yil ilgari) kabi payt

ravishlari bilan:

She visited her parents last week.

U o‘tgan hafta ota-onasini ko‘rib keldi.

Yesterday we went to the library.

Kecha biz kutubxonaga bordik.

2. O‘tmishdagi odatiy, qaytariluvchi ish-harakatni

ifodalash uchun:

Last month I went to the theatre every week.

O‘tgan oyda men har hafta teatrga bordim.

3. Bo‘lib o‘tgan bir necha ish-harakatni ifodalash

uchun:

Jane did much yesterday; she cleaned her room, did

shopping, went to the chemistry and looked after the children.

Jeyn kecha ko‘p ish qildi; u xonani yig‘ishtirdi, do‘konga chiqib

keldi, dorixonaga bordi va bolalarga qaradi.

I got up, had breakfast and went to work.

O‘rnimdan turdim, nonushta qildim va ishga ketdim.

Hozirgi davomli zamon

Continuous (davomli, davom etuvchi) zamonlari guruhi

ish-harakatning muayyan vaqtda (o‘tmishda, hozir yoki

kelgusida) sodir bo‘lib turganligini yoki hali

tugamaganligini bildiradi.

Hozirgi davom etuvchi zamon (The Present Continuous

Tense) to be yordamchi fe’lining hozirgi zamon

shakllaridan biri (am, is, are) va asosiy fe’lning hozirgi

zamon sifatdosh shakli (Participle I) yordamida yasaladi.

Positive

Tasdiq

I am

working.

Ishlayapman.

She

working.

Ishlayapti.

You

They

are

working.

Ishlayapmiz.

Ishlayapsiz.

Ishlayaptilar.

Negative Inkor

I am not

working.

Ishlamayapman.

She

is not working.

(isn't working)

Ishlamayapti.

You

They

are not

working.

(aren't

working)

Ishlamayapmiz.

Ishlamayapsiz.

Ishlamayaptilar.

Question So‘roq

Am I working?

Ishlayapmanmi?

she

working?

Ishlayaptimi?

Are

you

they

working?

Ishlayapmizmi?

Ishlayapsizmi?

Ishlayaptilarmi?

Present Continuous ba’zi manbalarda Progressive

Tense deb ham yuritiladi. Mazkur zamon ayni paytda sodir

bo‘lib turgan, lekin tugaydigan ish-harakatni ifodalaydi.

Kelasi zamon payt ravishlari bilan ishlatilganda kelasi

(Future) zamonni ifodalaydi.

Present Continuous quyidagi hollarda ishdatiladi:

1. Hozir sodir bo‘lib turgan ish-harakatni ifodalashda

now, today, this minute, this month, this year, at

the moment kabi va boshqa payt ravishlari bilan:

The children are playing outside today.

Bugun bolalar tashqarida o‘ynashyapti.

“What are you doing now?”

“Hozir nima qilyapsiz?”

“I’m reading a book.”

“Kitob o‘qiyapman.”

It is raining.

Yomg‘ir yog‘yapti

2. Odat bo‘lib qolgan ish-harakatni, ko‘pincha salbiy

munosabat bildirilganda:

That little girl is always biting her fingernails.

O‘sha qizcha doim tirnog‘ini tishlab yuradi.

Tracy is always eating too much.

Treysi doim ko‘p ovqat yeydi.

3. Kelgusida sodir bo‘lishi kutilayotgan ish-harakatni

ifodalashda this afternoon, tonight, tomorrow, next

week, soon, next month va shu kabi boshqa payt

ravishlari bilan:

The chief constable is arriving from London at 2:15

tomorrow afternoon.

Bosh konstabel ertaga kunduzi soat 2:15 da Londondan keladi.

We are going to the theatre tonight.

Bugun kechqurun teatrga bormoqchimiz.

She is leaving on Friday.

U juma kuni jo‘nab ketyapti. (yoki ketadi)

Jismoniy, aqliy va ruhiy hissiyotlarni ifodalaydigan

quyidagi fe’llar Continuous zamonlarida ishlatilmasdan,

Simple (oddiy) zamonlarda ishlatiladi.

to like

yoqtirmoq

to know

bilmoq

to understand

tushunmoq

to notice

payqamoq, sezmoq

to love

sevmoq

to feel

sezmoq

to have

ega bo‘lmoq

to believe

ishonmoq

to forget

unutmoq

to wish

xohlamoq

to remember

eslamoq

to see

ko‘rmoq

to hear

eshitmoq

to intent

jazm qilmoq

Do you hear a strange voice?

Siz g‘alati ovozni eshityapsizmi?

I don’t like this this song.

Menga bu qo‘shiq yoqmayapti.

O‘tgan davomli zamon

O‘tgan davomli zamon (The Past Continuous Tense)

was yoki were yordamchi fe’lidan keyin asosiy fe’lning

hozirgi zamon sifatdoshini qo‘llash bilan hosil qilinadi.

Positive Tasdiq

edim.

edi.

She

was

working.

Ishlayotga

edi.

edik.

eding(iz).

You

They

were

working.

Ishlayotga

edilar.

Negative Inkor

She

was not working

(wasn't working)

Ishlamayotga

edim.

edi.

You

They

were not working.

(weren't working)

Ishlamayotga

edim.

eding(iz).

edilar.

Question So‘roq

Was

she

working?

Ishlayotgan

edimmi?

edimi?

Wer

you

they

working?

Ishlayotgan

edikmi?

eding(iz)mi?

edilarmi?

Past Continuous o‘tmishda muayyan vaqtda sodir

bo‘lib turgan ish-harakatni ifodalaydi. O‘tmishdagi

muayyan vaqt nutq vaziyatidan anglashiladi yoki gapda

ifodalanadi.

Ish-harakat davom etayotgan vaqt gapda payt holi

bilan ifodalanishi mumkin. Bunda at four o’clock (soat

to‘rtda), at that time (o‘sha vaqtda), all day/night long

(butun kun/tun davomida), the whole

evening/morning (butun oqshom/tong), from six to

seven (oltidan yettigacha) va boshqalar ishlatilishi mum-

kin.

I was watching television the whole evening yesterday.

Kecha butun oqshom davomida televizor ko‘rayotgan edim yoki

kecha butun oqshom televizor ko‘rdim.

From five to seven we were playing chess.

Soat beshdan yettigacha shaxmat o‘ynayotgan edik.

Ish-harakat davom etayotgan vaqt o‘tgan zamondagi

boshqa fe’l orqali ifodalanishi mumkin. Bunday gaplar

odatda when (paytda) yoki while (-yotganda) bog‘lovchisi

bilan bog‘langan payt ergash gapli qo‘shma gap

ko‘rinishida bo‘ladi.

When I came home, my brother was having supper.

Men uyga kelgan paytda (yoki uyga kelganimda) akam

ovqatlanayotgan edi.

James and I were watching television when lightning

struck the house.

Uyni yashin urganda Jeyms va men televizor ko‘rayotgan edik.

While James and I were watching television, lightning

struck the house.

Jeyms va men televizor ko‘rayotganimizda uyni yashin urdi.

Past Continuous bir vaqtda bo‘layotgan ikki va undan

ortiq ish-harakatni ham ifodalashi mumkin.

While I was working in the garden my sister was making

dinner.

Men bog‘da ishlayotganimda singlim ovqat pishirayotgan edi.

Kelasi davomli zamon

Kelasi davomli zamon (The Future Continuous Tense)

shall (I shaxs birlik va ko‘plik uchun) va will (qolgan

shaxslar uchun) yordamchi fe’llaridan keyin be va asosiy

fe’lning hozirgi zamon sifatdoshini qo‘llash orqali hosil

qilinadi.

Positive Tasdiq

shall be

working.

('ll be working)

Ishlayotgan bo‘laman.

Ishlayotgan bo‘lamiz

She

You

They

will be working.

('ll be working)

Ishlayotgan bo‘ladi.

Ishlayotgan bo‘lasiz.

Ishlayotgan bo‘ladilar.

Negative Inkor

shall not be

working.

(shan't be working)

Ishlayotgan bo‘lmayman.

Ishlayotgan bo‘lmaymiz.

She

You

They

will not be working.

(won't be working)

Ishlayotgan bo‘lmaydi.

Ishlayotgan bo‘lmaysiz.

Ishlayotgan bo‘lmaydilar.

O‘zbek tilidagi kelasi davomli zamonda inkor asosiy fe’l

bilan ham ifodalanishi mumkin, masalan, ishlayotgan

bo‘lmayman o‘rniga ishlamayotgan bo‘laman deyish

mumkin.

uestion

So‘ro

Shall

be working?

Ishlayotgan bo‘lamanmi?

Ishlayotgan bo‘lamizmi?

Will

she

you

they

be working?

Ishlayotgan bo‘ladimi?

Ishlayotgan bo‘lasizmi?

Ishlayotgan bo‘ladilarmi?

Future Cuntinuous quyidagi holatlarda ishlatiladi:

1. Yaqin yoki uzoq kelajakda sodir bo‘ladigan

harakatlarni ifodalashda:

What will you be doing tomorow?

Ertaga nima qilasan?

He’ll be taking his next exam next week.

Kelasi hafta u keyingi imtihonini topshiradi (yoki topshirayotgan

bo‘ladi).

I’ll be seeing him tomorrow.

Uni ertaga ko‘raman.

2. Kelgusida ma’lum bir vaqtda sodir bo‘ladigan ish-

harakatni ifodalashda:

I shall be doing my homework at eight o’clock tomorrow

again.

Men ertaga soat sakkizda yana uy vazifamni tayyorlayotgan

bo‘laman.

Payt va shart ergash gapli qo‘shma gaplardagi bosh gap

kelasi zamonda bo‘lsa, ergash gapning kesimi, ish-harakat

mantiqan kelasi zamonda sodir bo‘lishiga qaramay, hozirgi

zamon shaklida ifodalanadi.

I shall be working when you come to see me.

Sen meni ko‘rgani kelganingda men ishlayotgan bo‘laman.

When you arrive at the airport, he will be waiting for you

there.

Sen aeroportga yetib kelganingda u seni o‘sha yerda kutayotgan

bo‘ladi.

Hozirgi natijali zamon

Hozirgi natijali zamon (Present Perfect Tense) have

(uchinchi shaxs birlikda has) yordamchi fe’li va asosiy

fe’lning o‘tgan zamon sifatdoshi (Past Participle)

yordamida yasaladi. To‘g‘ri fe’llarning Past Participle

yoki Participle II (O‘tgan zamon sifatdosh yoki Sifatdosh

II) shakli ularning Simple Past (Oddiy o‘tgan zamon)

shakliga mos keladi.

to live – lived

to play – played

to study – studied

to talk – talked

to inspect – inspected

to translate – translated

Noto‘g‘ri fe’llarning sifatdosh II shakli jadvalning

uchinchi ustunida berilgan. Ko‘pchilik noto‘g‘ri fe’llarning

Past Participle shakli o‘zak unlisining o‘zgarishi bilan

yasaladi:

to begin – began – begun (boshlamoq)

to do – did – done (qilmoq)

to drive – drove – driven (haydamoq)

to see – saw – seen (ko‘rmoq)

to give – gave – given (bermoq)

to ring – rang – rung (jiringlamoq)

to steal – stole – stolen (o‘g‘irlamoq)

Fe’lning bu zamondagi shakli o‘zbek tilida turlicha

ifodalanishi mumkin. Perfect zamonlarining asosiy

xususiyati ish-harakatning tugaganligi yoki

tugamaganligini, ya’ni natijani ko‘rsatishdir. Shuning

uchun uni o‘zbek tiliga oddiy o‘tgan zamonda (I have

walked - Men piyoda yurdim), ravishdosh yordamida

(Yurib bo‘ldim/qo‘ydim/keldim), o‘tgan zamon

sifatdoshi vositasida (I have been to London. - Men

Londonda bo‘lganman.) tarjima qilinadi.

Positive Tasdiq

You

They

have walked.

Yurdim. (piyoda)

Yurdik.

Yurdingiz.

Yurdilar.

She

has walked.

('s walked)

Yurdi.

Negative Inkor

You

They

have not

walked

(haven't

walked)

Yurmadim.

Yurmadik.

Yurmadingiz.

Yurmadilar.

She

has not walked

(hasn't walked)

Yurmadi.

Question So‘roq

Hav

you

they

walked?

Yurdimmi?

Yurdikmi?

Yurdingizmi?

Yurdilarmi?

Has

she

walked?

Yurdimi?

I have seen him this week.

Bu hafta men uni ko‘rdim.

He’s written a book.

U kitob yozgan.

He has just phoned me.

U hozirgina menga qo‘ng‘iroq qildi.

I have read a lot of books.

Men juda ko‘p kitoblarni o‘qib chiqdim.

Present Perfect zamonini quyidagi holatlarda

qo‘llash mumkin:

1. O‘tmishda boshlanib, hozirgacha yoki hozirga yaqin

bo‘lgan biror vaqtgacha davom etgan ish-harakatni

ifodalash uchun ishlatiladi. Bu zamonda hech qachon ago

so‘zini qo‘llamaslik kerak. Payt ravishlaridan for +

muddatni ifodalovchi so‘z (for five years “besh yildan

beri”), since + aniq sana yoki vaqt (since ten o’clock “soat

o‘ndan beri”), in/during the last/past hour, day,

week, month, year, decade, century (so‘nggi/o‘tgan

soat, kun, hafta, oy, yil, o‘n kunlik, asr ichida/davomida),

yet (hali), so far (hamon), up to now (hozirgacha)

kabilarni qo‘llash mumkin.

Shirley has lived in Chicago for six years.

Shirli Chikagoda olti yildan beri yashaydi (hozir ham yashayapti).

They have waited since ten o’clock.

Ular soat o‘ndan beri kutishadi (hozir ham kutishyapti).

During the last years, many people have moved from rural

to urban areas.

So‘nggi yillar ichida ko‘p odamlar qishloq joylardan shaharlarga

ko‘chib o‘tmoqda (ko‘chish hali davom etyapti).

I have finished the work and I’m going home now.

Ishni tugatib bo‘ldim, endi uyga ketyapman.

2. Present Perfect zamonini o‘tmishda boshlanib,

hozirga yaqin bir vaqtda tugagan yoki yaqin kelajakda

tugaydigan ish-harakatni ifodalashda qo‘llash mumkin.

Bunda already (allaqachon), not yet (yo‘q hali), early

(erta), late (kech), just (endigina), this minute (shu

daqiqada/onda), today (bugun), this month/year (shu

oy/yil), recently (yaqinda, yaqin o‘tmishda), lately

(so‘nggi vaqtda) kabi payt ravishlari kelishi mumkin.

I have already finished those exercises.

O‘sha mashqlarni allaqachon bajarib bo‘ldim (bo‘lganman).

You have been absent a great deal lately.

So‘nggi vaqtda juda ko‘p kelmayapsan (yana kelmasligi kutilyapti).

The players have come early.

O‘yinchilar erta kelishgan.

The players have just arrived.

O‘yinchilar hozirgina (endigina) yetib kelishdi.

Paul has rebuilt the engine of his car.

Pol mashinasining dvigatelini ta’mirlab bo‘ldi.

They have recently announced their engagement.

Ular yaqinda nikohdan o‘tganliklarini e’lon qilishdi.

when, where va how so‘zlari bilan boshlanuvchi

so‘roq gaplarda Present Perfect ishlatilmaydi.

When did you come back? Qachon qaytib kelding?

O‘tgan natijali zamon

O‘tgan natijali (yoki tugallangan) zamon (The Past

Perfect Tense) yordamchi fe’l had va asosiy fe’lning o‘tgan

zamon sifatdoshi (Past Participle) yordamida yasaladi.

Positive Tasdiq

She

You

They

had

worked.

('d worked)

Ishlab bo‘lgan edim.

Ishlab bo‘lgan edi.

Ishlab bo‘lgan edik.

Ishlab bo‘lgan edingiz.

Ishlab bo‘lgan edilar.

ative

Inko

She

You

They

had not

worked

(hadn't

worked)

Ishlab bo‘lmagan edim.

Ishlab bo‘lmagan edi.

Ishlab bo‘lmagan edik.

Ishlab bo‘lmagan edingiz.

Ishlab bo‘lmagan edilar.

Question So‘roq

Had

She

You

They

worked?

Ishlab bo‘lgan edimmi?

Ishlab bo‘lgan edimi?

Ishlab bo‘lgan edikmi?

Ishlab bo‘lgan edingizmi?

Ishlab bo‘lgan edilarmi?

Past Perfect zamoni ish-harakatning o‘tgan

zamonda kechgan boshqa bir ish-harakatgacha sodir

bo‘lganligini ifodalaydi. Ikkinchi ish-harakat o‘tgan zamon

shaklidagi fe’l bilan ifodalanadi. Bu zamonda payt

ravishlaridan already va oddiy o‘tgan zamonda

ishlatiladigan hamma ravishlar qo‘llanishi mumkin.

Before Karen came here, she had studied in Paris for two

years.

Bu yerga kelishidan oldin, Karen ikki yil Parijda o‘qigan.

After Philip had failed twice, he finally passed his test for

his driver’s liecense.

Filip ikki marta yiqilib, oxiri haydovchilik

guvohnomasi uchun sinovni topshirdi.

When Philip found out that he had failed again, he gave

up.

Filip yana yiqilganini bilgach, (o‘qishni) tashladi.

Agar “o‘tgan zamondan oldingi o‘tgan zamon” ekanligi

gapdagi payt ravishi (masalan, before, after kabi) bilan

ifodalangan yoki kontekstdan ma’lum bo‘lsa, ikkala fe’l

uchun ham oddiy o‘tgan zamon qo‘llanadi.

Aniq vaqt by (-ga kelib) predlogi yordamida

ifodalanishi mumkin: by Sunday (yakshanbaga

kelib/yakshanbada), by two o’clock (soat ikkiga kelib/soat

ikkida).

He had repaired the car by Saturday. Shanba kuni (-ga

kelib) u mashinani tuzatib bo‘lgan edi.

Kelasi natijali zamon

Kelasi natijali (tugallangan) zamon (The Future

Perfect Tense) shall have yoki will have yordamchi

fe’llari hamda asosiy fe’lning o‘tgan zamon sifatdoshi

vositasida yasaladi. Amerika inglizchasida faqat will have

shakli ishlatiladi.

Positive Tasdiq

shall have done it.

Bajarib bo‘laman.

Bajarib bo‘lamiz.

She

You

They

will have done it.

Bajarib bo‘ladi.

Bajarib bo‘lasiz(lar).

Bajarib bo‘ladilar.

Negative Inkor

shall not have done

it (shan't)

Bajarmagan bo‘laman.

Bajarmagan bo‘lamiz.

She

You

They

will not have done

it (won't)

Bajarmagan bo‘ladi.

Bajarmagan bo‘lasiz(lar).

Bajarmagan bo‘ladilar.

Question So‘roq

Shall

have done it?

Bajargan bo‘lamanmi?

Bajargan bo‘lamizmi?

Will

she

you

they

have done it?

Bajarib bo‘ladimi?

Bajarib bo‘lasiz(lar)mi?

Bajarib bo‘ladilarmi?

Future Perfect zamoni kelajakda bo‘ladigan ish-

harakatdan oldin bo‘lib o‘tadigan boshqa bir ish-harakatni

ifodalaydi. Bu zamonda by predlogi bilan keladigan payt

bildiruvchi so‘zlar, masalan, by the end of the year (yil

oxiriga kelib), at that time (o‘sha vaqtda), by tomorrow

(ertaga), by this afternoon (bugun kunduzi), by

tonight (bugun tunda/oqshom), by next

week/month/year (kelasi hafta/oy/yil) kabi payt

ravishlari keladi.

Bu zamonda ifodalangan inglizcha fe’llar o‘zbek tiliga

odatda o‘tgan zamon sifatdoshi (-gan) yoki ravishdosh (-ib)

hamda har xil yordamchi fe’llar yordamida tarjima qilinadi

(masalan, tugatgan bo‘ladi yoki tugatib bo‘lgan bo‘ladi;

ko‘rib chiqadi yoki ko‘rib chiqqan bo‘ladi kabi).

This obedience school will have trained fifty dogs by the

end of the year.

Itlarni o‘rgatadigan maktab yil oxiriga kelib ellikta it tayyorlab

chiqaradi.

By the end of the winter season, more tourists will have

visited the island than ever before.

Qish mavsumining oxiriga kelib orolga har doimgidan ham

ko‘proq sayyohlar kelib ketishgan bo‘ladi.

I left several letters unfinished on my desk, but I will have

finished them before noon tomorrow.

Yozuv stolimda bir nechta tugatilmagan xatlarni qoldirdim, lekin

ertaga peshingacha ularni tugatib bo‘laman.

We shall have completed the experiment by the end of

the month.

Oy oxiriga kelib tajribani tugatgan bo‘lamiz (tugatib bo‘lamiz).

They will have reached the village by 10 o’clock.

Ular qishloqqa soat 10 da yetib borgan bo‘ladilar.

Zamonlar moslashuvi

To‘ldiruvchi ergash gapli qo‘shma gaplarda bosh

gapning kesimi o‘tgan zamondagi fe’l bilan ifodalangan

bo‘lsa, bosh va ergash gaplar zamonda moslashadi.

Ergash gap orqali bir marta sodir bo‘lgan ish-harakat

ifodalanganda Past Simple yoki Past Continuous

ishlatiladi.

He said that he often saw her.

U uni tez-tez ko‘rib turganligini aytdi.

He said that she was preparing for the exam.

U imtihonga tayyorlanayotganligini aytdi.

Bosh gapda ifodalangan ish-harakat ergash gapdagidan

keyin sodir bo‘lgan bo‘lsa, to‘ldiruvchi ergash gapda Past

Perfect yoki Past Perfect Continuous qo‘llanadi.

She said that she had passed her exam.

U imtihonni topshirganligini aytdi.

She said that she had been preparing for the exam for two

weeks.

U imtihonga ikki hafta tayyorgarlik ko‘rganini aytdi.

To‘ldiruvchi ergash gapdagi kelasi zamonga oid ish-

harakatni ifodalash uchun o‘tgan kelasi zamon

shakllaridan biri would yoki should qo‘llanadi.

He said that he would help me the next day.

U menga ertasiga yordam berishini aytdi.

He said that he would be waiting for me at 3.

U soat 3 da meni kutayotgan bo‘lishini aytdi.

Agar gap hammaga ma’lum bo‘lgan biror tabiiy hodisa

haqida borsa, zamonlar moslashuvi buzilishi mumkin.

Galileo proved that the Earth goes round the Sun.

Galiley yerning quyosh atrofida aylanishini isbotlagan.

O‘zganing nutqini ifodalash uchun (o‘zlashgan

gaplarda) say, ask, tell so‘zlari berilib, undan keyin

to‘ldiruvchi ergash gap keladi. Agar mazkur fe’llar o‘tgan

zamonda (said, asked, told tarzida) ifodalangan bo‘lsa,

zamonlar moslashuviga amal qilinadi va gapdagi ko‘rsatish

olmoshlari va payt ravishlari boshqasi bilan almashtiriladi.

this – bu that – o‘sha

these – bular

those – o‘shalar

now – hozir then – o‘shanda

today – bugun that day – o‘sha kuni

tomorrow – ertaga the next day – ertasiga

yesterday – kecha the day before – oldingi kuni

ago – avval before – oldin

here – bu yerda there – o‘sha yerda

O‘zlashgan gaplarning so‘roq shakli if yoki whether

bog‘lovchisi vositasida beriladi.

He asked me, “Are you busy?” – He asked me if

(whether) I was busy.

“Bandmisan?”, – so‘radi u mendan. – U mendan bandmanmi,

yo‘qmi, (shuni) so‘radi.

FE’L NISBATLARI

VOICES of VERBS

Ingliz tilidagi fe’llarning ikki nisbati mavjud: aniq

nisbat va majhul nisbat.

Aniq nisbat

Aniq nisbat (Active voice) maxsus grammatik

ko‘rsatkichga ega emas. Ma’nosiga ko‘ra aniq nisbat ish-

harakatning asosan ega tomonidan bajarilganligini

ifodalaydi.

William Shakespear wrote “Hamlet”.

Uilyam Shekspir “Hamlet”ni yozgan.

Majhul nisbat

Majhul nisbat to be fe’lining shaxs va zamondagi

tegishli shakli va o‘tgan zamon sifatdoshi yordamida

yasaladi.

Hozirgi zamon This work is don

every day

Bu ish har kuni qilinadi.

O‘tgan zamon This work was don

yesterday.

Bu ish kecha qilingan.

Kelasi zamon This work will be

don

tomorrow.

Bu ish ertaga qilinadi.

must modal fe’li This work must be

don

at once.

Bu ish hoziroq qilinishi kerak.

can modal fe’li This work can be

don

at any time.

Bu ish har qachon qilinishi mumkin.

may modal fe’li This work may be

don

now.

Bu ish hozir qilinishi mumkin.

Majhul nisbatning o‘ziga xos xususiyati shundaki, agar

oddiy nisbatda gapning egasi ish-harakatning bajaruvchisi

bo‘lsa, majhul nisbatda gapning egasi ish-harakatning

bajaruvchisi bo‘lmaydi.

This house was built in 1920.

Bu uy 1920 yilda qurilgan. (majhul)

Qiyoslang:

Somebody built this house in 1920.

Bu uyni kimdir 1920 yilda qurgan. (oddiy)

Active: We can solve this problem.

Biz bu muammoni hal eta olamiz.

Passive:

This problem can be solved.

Bu muammo hal etilishi mumkin.

The new hotel will be opened next year.

Yangi mehmonxona kelasi yil ochiladi.

This room is going to be painted next year.

Bu xona kelasi yil bo‘yalmoqchi.

Active: Someone is cleaning the room right now.

Ayni paytda kimdir xonani tozalayapti.

Passive: The room is being cleaned right now.

Ayni paytda xona tozalanyapti.

Past Continuous zamonidagi majhul darajani yasash

uchun was va were ishlatiladi: was / were being +

done / cleaned

Active: Someone was cleaning the room.

Kimdir xonani tozalayotgan edi.

Passive: The room was being cleaned when I arrived.

Men yetib kelganimda xona tozalanayotgan edi.

Present Perfect zamonida: have / has been + done /

cleaned

Active: Somebody has already cleaned the room.

Kimdir xonani allaqachon tozalab qo‘yibdi.

Passive:

The room has already been cleaned.

Xona allaqachon tozalab qo‘yilgan.

Past Perfect zamonida: had been + done / cleaned

Active: When we came, somebody had cleaned the room.

Biz kelganimizda kimdir xonani tozalab qo‘ygan edi.

Passive: When we came, the room had been cleaned.

Biz kelganimizda xona tozalab qo‘yilgan edi.

Majhul nisbat o‘zbek tilida fe’l o‘zagiga asosan –l (yozdi

– yozildi), va -n (ko‘rdi – ko‘rindi) qo‘shimchalarini

qo‘shish orqali yasaladi.

This problem is much spoken about.

Bu muammo haqida ko‘p gapiriladi.

Inglizcha majhul nisbatdagi ayrim gaplarni o‘zbek tiliga

birgalik nisbatida (-sh qo‘shimchasi vositasida yasaladi:

gapirdi – gapirishdi) ham tarjima qilish mumkin.

This problem is much spoken about.

Bu muammo haqida ko‘p gapirishadi.

Ann wasn’t offered a job.

Annaga ish taklif qilishmadi.

A job wasn’t offered to Ann.

Annaga ish taklif qilinmadi.

The way to the station was shown to us.

Bizga temir yo‘l bekatiga boradigan yo‘lni ko‘rsatishdi.

MODAL FE’LLAR

MODALS

Ingliz tilida modallik (ish-harakatga munosabat)

ma’nosini ifodalovchi maxsus fe’llar mavjud. Modallik

ma’nosi deyilganda asosan majbur etish, zaruriyat, ruxsat,

taxmin kabilar tushuniladi. Modal fe’llar o‘zlari mustaqil

ishlatilmay, boshqa fe’llarga qo‘shilib keladi.

Can mumkinlik, layoqat, qobiliyat, imkoniyat kabilarni

ifodalaydi.

Who can speak English?

Kim inglizcha gapira oladi?

Can modal fe’linig ekvivalenti be able to modal

fe’lidir.

He is not able to translate this text.

U bu matnni tarjima qila olmaydi. (tarjima qilishga qodir emas)

May mumkinlik, ijozat, faraz qilish kabilarni

ifodalaydi.

May I come in?

Kirsam maylimi? (Mumkinmi?)

May modal fe’lining ekvivalenti sifatida be allowed

to ishlatiladi.

Then he was allowed to come in.

Keyin unga kirishga ruxsat berildi.

Must va should modal fe’llari majburiylik, zaruriyat

kabilarni ifodalaydi.

You must do as I told you.

Siz men aytganimdek qilishingiz kerak.

The windows are dirty. I must clean them.

Derazalar iflos. Ularni artishim kerak.

You should go and see this film. It’s very interesting.

Siz, albatta, borib bu filmni ko‘rishingiz kerak. U juda

qiziqarli.

I must do it now. I can’t leave it till tomorrow.

Men buni hozir qilishim kerak. Uni ertaga qoldira olmayman.

Must modal fe’li bilan tuzilgan savolga inkor javob

qaytarilganda needn’t (=need not) ishlatiladi.

Must I do it now?

Shuni hozir qilishim shartmi?

No, you needn’t (do it now).

Yo‘q, (hozir qilishing) shart emas.

Agar nima qilishingiz haqida ko‘rsatma olmoqchi

bo‘lsangiz shall fe’lini qo‘llang.

Shall I repeat the sentences?

Gapni qaytarishim kerakmi?

Must modal fe’li inkor shaklda qat’iyan man qilishni

ifodalaydi.

You mustn’t do that.

Bunday qilmasliging kerak.

You mustn’t play with matches.

Gugurt o‘ynamasliging kerak.

You mustn’t be late.

Kechikmasligingiz kerak.

Must modal fe’lining o‘tgan zamon shakli mavjud

emas. O‘tgan zamonda unga ma’nodosh bo‘la oladigan

have to yoki have got to ishlatilishi mumkin.

I can’t go with you now, I have to (have got to) do my

homework.

Men hozir sizlar bilan keta olmayman, uy vazifamni tayyorlashim

kerak.

There was no bus in the street and we had to walk home.

Ko‘chada birorta avtobus yo‘q edi va biz uyga piyoda ketishga

majbur bo‘ldik.

Have to modal fe’lining so‘roq shakli egadan oldin do

/ does / did yordamchi fe’lini qo‘llash orqali ifodalanadi.

When do I have to do it? (=When I have got to do it?)

Men buni qachon qilishim kerak?

Inkor gaplarda do not (don’t) / does not (doesn't)

/ did not (didn’t) ishlatiladi.

You don’t have to stay.

Qolishingiz shart emas.

They didn’t have to wait long.

Ko‘p kutishlariga to‘g‘ri kelmadi.

Hozirgi zamonda inkorni haven’t got / hasn’t got

tarzida ham ifodalash mumkin.

You haven’t got to stay.

Sizning qolishingiz shart emas.

Have to o‘tgan va kelasi zamonlarda ham qo‘llanishi

mumkin.

It was too late and we had got to walk home.

Juda kech bo‘lgan edi va biz uyga piyoda ketishga majbur bo‘ldik.

I’ll have to do this work tomorrow.

Bu ishni ertaga qilishimga to‘g‘ri keladi.

Should modal fe’li ko‘proq maslahat va nasihat

ma’nosida qo‘llanadi.

You should see a doctor.

Sen shifokorga uchrashishing kerak.

He shouldn’t work so hard.

U bunchalik qattiq ishlamasligi kerak.

Be to oldindan kelishilganlikni ifodalaydi.

We are to start tomorrow.

Biz ertaga jo‘nab ketishimiz kerak. (shunday kelishganmiz)

The students are to come at two o’clock.

Talabalar soat ikkida kelishlari kerak.

Need modallik ma’nosini asosan so‘roq va bo‘lishsiz

gaplarda ifodalab keladi.

You needn’t go there.

U yerga borishingiz kerak emas.

Dare botinish va jur’at etishni ifodalaydi.

I dare not to ask him to come here.

Undan bu yerga kelishni iltimos qilishga botina olmadim.

SO‘Z TARTIBI (TASDIQ va SO‘ROQ

GAPLAR)

WORD ORDER (POSITIVE and

NEGATIVE)

Ingliz tilida odatdagi so‘z tartibi egadan keyin fe’l,

undan keyin ravishlarning kelishidir. Teskari so‘z tartibi

fe’lning egadan oldin kelishidir. Inglizcha so‘zlarning

grammatik ma’nosi o‘zgarganda odatda ularning shakli

o‘zgarmaydi, shu boisdan ingliz tili uchun so‘z tartibi juda

muhim. Ingliz tilida so‘z tartibi so‘zlarni bog‘lovchi asosiy

grammatik vositalardan biri hisoblanadi. Shu sababdan

ham ingliz tilida so‘z tartibi o‘zbek tilidagiga qaraganda

ancha qat’iy va o‘zgarmas. Bu degani shuki, gap tarkibidagi

har bir so‘z o‘z joylashuv o‘rniga ega.

Tasdiq gaplarda odatda egadan keyin fe’l, fe’ldan

keyin to‘ldiruvchi keladi. Gapda ikkita hol kelganda

(masalan payt va o‘rin hollari) ularning biri to‘ldiruvchidan

keyin, ikkinchisi gapning boshida kelishi mumkin.

to‘ldiruvchi hol Ega kesi

log-

siz

vositasiz

vositali

predlogli

harakat tarzi o‘rin payt

home

every

week.

She

Ann

teaches

sent

got

read

Ann

English

a letter.

a letter

this

book

to her.

from

him. with great pleasure.

Quyidagi hollarda ega kesimdan keyin kelishi mumkin:

1. There is (are) bilan boshlanadigan gaplarda:

There is a book on the table.

Stolning ustida kitob bor.

2. Ko‘chirma gaplarda:

“I’m tired”, said she.

“Men charchadim”, - dedi u.

3. Here, never, neither, no, no sooner … (than),

hardly … (when) only ravishlari bilan.

Never in my life have I seen such a film.

Hayotimda hech qachon bunday filmni ko‘rmaganman.

Only then did I realize it.

Faqat shundan keyingina men uni amalga oshirdim.

So‘roq gaplarda so‘z tartibi bir muncha o‘zgaradi.

Umumiy so‘roq gaplar yordamchi yoki modal fe’llar bilan

boshlanadi. (do, did, am, is, are, was, were, have,

will, shall, can, must va boshqalar)

“Do you speak English?” – “Yes, I do.”

“Inglizcha gapirasizmi?” – “Ha, gapiraman.”

“Did he study History at University?” – “Yes, he did.”

“U universitetda tarixni o‘qiganmi?” – “Ha, o‘qigan.”

“Can you retell the text”? – “No, I can’t.”

“Matnni yoddan aytib bera olasizmi?” – “Yo‘q, aytib bera

olmayman.”

Maxsus so‘roq gaplar so‘roq so‘zlari bilan boshlanadi.

What do you do?

Nima qilasiz?

kesimga

Whom do you meet at the club?

Klubda kimni uchratasiz?

What do you like?

Nimani yaxshi ko‘rasiz?

to‘ldiruvchiga

Which book do you like?

Qaysi kitobni yaxshi ko‘rasiz?

How many pencils do you need?

Sizga nechta qalam kerak?

aniqlovchiga

Where do you go every day?

Har kuni qayerga borasiz?

o‘rin holiga

hen (

hat time) do you get up?

achon (soat nechada) turasiz?

payt holiga

How well does he speak English?

U qay darajada inglizcha gapiradi?

harakat

tarziga

Why does he read badly?

Nima uchun u yomon o‘qiydi?

sabab holiga

Egaga aloqador savollar who? (kim?) what?

(nima?) so‘roq so‘zlari bilan boshlanadi va tasdiq gap

tartibida davom etadi.

Who teaches you English?

Kim sizga ingliz tilini o‘qitadi?

What helps you in your work?

Sizga ishingizda nima yordam beradi?

Alternativ (tanlov) so‘roq gaplardagi so‘zlar

tartibi umumiy so‘roq gaplardagi kabidir.

Do you know English or German?

Siz ingliz tilini bilasizmi yoki nemis tilinimi?

Ajratilgan so‘roq gaplar tasdiq gaplar kabi

boshlanadi. So‘roq gapning ikkinchi qismi yordamchi

fe’lning inkor shakli va eganing olmoshlashgan shaklidan

iborat bo‘ladi va o‘zbek tiliga “shunday emasmi” tarzida

tarjima qilinadi.

You study English, don’t you?

Siz ingliz tilini o‘rganasiz, shunday emasmi?

You are a student, aren’t you?

Siz talabasiz, shunday emasmi?

SIFATDOSHLAR

PARTICIPLES

Sifatdoshlar fe’lning maxsus shakllari bo‘lib, ingliz

tilida sifatdoshlarning ikki turi bor: hozirgi zamon

sifatdoshlari (Present participles) va o‘tgan zamon

sifatdoshlari (Past participles).

Hozirgi zamon sifatdoshi

Hozirgi zamon sifatdoshi yoki sifatdosh I (Participle I)

fe’l o‘zagiga -ing qo‘shimchasini qo‘shish yo‘li bilan

yasaladi.

walk – walking sleep – sleeping follow – following

speak – speaking eat – eating detect – detecting

Imlo:

Ikki va undan ortiq bo‘g‘inli “-e” ga tugovchi fe’llarga -

ing qo‘shilganda “e” harfi tushib qoladi:

give – giving become – becoming

take – taking indicate – indicating

say – saying study – studying

Fe’l o‘zagi urg‘uli unlidan keyin keluvchi undosh bilan

tugagan bo‘lsa, oxirgi undosh ikkilanadi:

run – running drop – dropping

cut – cutting stop – stopping

transfer – transferring begin – beginning

O‘tgan zamon sifatdoshi

O‘tgan zamon sifatdoshi yoki sifatdosh II (Participle II)

to‘g‘ri fe’llar o‘zagiga -ed qo‘shimchasini qo‘shish yo‘li

bilan yasaladi:

work – worked last – lasted

walk – walked play – played

clean – cleaned apprehend – apprehended

Imlo:

“-e”ga tugagan fe’llarga -d qo‘shimchasi qo‘shiladi:

move – moved convince – convinced

save – saved observe – observed

receive – received indicate – indicated

Undoshdan keyin keluvchi “y” harfiga tugagan fe’lga -

ed qo‘shimchasi qo‘shilganda “y” harfi “i”ga almashadi:

study – studied bury – buried

identify – identified satisfy – satisfied

Fe’l o‘zagi urg‘uli unlidan keyin keluvchi undosh bilan

tugagan bo‘lsa, oxirgi undosh ikkilanadi:

omit – omitted drop – dropped

pit – pitted stop – stopped

transfer – transferred occur – occurred

Noto‘g‘ri fe’llarning o‘tgan zamon sifatdoshlari mazkur

qo‘llanmaga ilova qilingan noto‘g‘ri fe’llar ro‘yxatida

berilgan.

Sifatdoshlarning ishlatilishi

Sifatdoshlar fe’llarning zamon shakllarini yasashda

ishlatilishi yoki sifat bo‘lib kelishi mumkin.

1. Hozirgi zamon sifatdoshi be fe’lidan keyin davomli

zamonlarni hosil qilish uchun ishlatiladi (hozirgi

davomli zamon, o‘tgan davomli zamon, kelasi

davomli zamon mavzulariga qarang).

2. O‘tgan zamon sifatdoshi have fe’lidan keyin natijali

zamonlarni yasash uchun ishlatiladi (hozirgi natijali

zamon, o‘tgan natijali zamon, kelasi natijali zamon

mavzulariga qarang).

3. O‘tgan zamon sifatdoshi o‘timli fe’llarning majhul

nisbatini yasashda ishlatiladi (majhul nisbat mavzusiga

qarang).

4. Hozirgi zamon sifatdoshi sifat bo‘ib kelganda u

ifodalagan ish-harakat asosiy fe’l ifodalagan ish-harakat

bilan bir vaqtda sodir bo‘layotganini bildiradi:

The man walking down the street seems tired.

Ko‘chada ketayotgan kishi charchagan ko‘rinadi.

5. O‘tgan zamon sifatdoshi sifat bo‘lib kelganda u

ifodalagan ish-harakat asosiy fe’l ifodalagan ish-

harakatdan oldin sodir bo‘lganligini bildiradi:

The man, having walked for several miles, seems tired.

Bir necha mil yurib qo‘ygan kishi charchagan ko‘rinadi.

6. O‘tgan zamon sifatdoshi allaqachon sodir bo‘lgan,

lekin hozirgacha o‘sha holat yoki maqomni saqlab turgan

ish-harakatni ham ifodalashi mumkin:

The dish broken into a dozen pieces cannot be mended.

O‘nlab bo‘laklarga bo‘lingan idishni tiklab bo‘lmaydi.

7. Sifatdoshli birikmalar o‘z egasi, to‘ldiruvchisi va

ravish bilan kelishi mumkin.

Ega: bunda sifatdoshning egasi sifatida ob’yekt

kelishigidagi olmosh ishlatiladi:

We left him sleeping.

Biz uni uxlayotganida tark etdik.

To‘ldiruvchi: o‘timli fe’llardan yasalgan sifatdoshlar

vositali to‘ldiruvchi bilan kelishi mumkin:

Finding the course too difficult, Penny decided to drop it.

Kursning juda qiyinligini bilib, Penni uni tashlashga qaror qildi.

GERUND

GERUNDS

Gerund fe’lning shaxssiz shakli bo‘lib, uni fe’lning

otlashgan shakli deb atash ham mumkin. Gerund har

qanday fe’lning o‘zagiga “-ing” qo‘shimchasini qo‘shish

orqali yasaladi. O‘zbek tilida fe’lning bunday shakli so‘z

o‘zagiga -sh, -ish, -moq qo‘shimchalaridan birini

qo‘shish orqali yasaladi.

Masalan: read + ing, study + ing, work + ing

(o‘qish, o‘rganish, ishlash). Gerund fe’lning hozirgi zamon

sifatdosh (present participle) shakli bilan bir xil yasaladi.

Running is useful for health (gerund).

Yugurish sog‘liq uchun foydali.

The smoking boy is my friend ( participle).

Chekayotgan bola mening do‘stim.

Ba’zi fe’l o‘zaklariga -ing qo‘shimchasini qo‘shishda

ayrim imlo o‘zgarishlari sodir bo‘ladi.

write+ing – writing

take+ing – taking

come+ing – coming

put+ing – putting

run+ing – running

swim+ing – swimming

tie+ing – tying

die+ing – dying

lie+ing – lying

Gerund har qanday otlar kabi predloglardan keyin

qo‘llanish xususiyatiga ega.

I thanked her for giving me the dictionary.

Menga lug‘at berganligi uchun unga minnatdorchilik bildirdim.

Fred confessed to stealing the jewels.

Fred qimmatbaho toshlarni o‘g‘irlaganini tan oldi.

Gerund egalik kelishigidagi otlar va egalik olmoshlari

bilan ishlatilishi mumkin.

They objected to Helen’s taking part in this expedition.

Ular Helenning ushbu ekspeditsiyada ishtirok etishiga qarshilik

qilishdi.

He insisted on their sending the goods by train.

U mollarni poyezdda jo‘natish fikrida turib oldi.

Gerund gaplarda quydagi vazifalarda keladi:

1. Predlogli to‘ldiruvchi:

She is fond of reading.

U o‘qishni yaxshi ko‘radi.

We succeeded in finishing our work in time.

Biz ishimizni o‘z vaqtida yakunlashga erishdik.

2.Aniqlovchi (ko‘p hollarda otdan keyin of predlogi

bilan):

There are different ways of doing it.

Buni amalga oshirishning turli yo‘llari mavjud.

We have no objection to apprehending the criminal.

Jinoyatchini qo‘lga olishga hech qanday qarshiligimiz yo‘q.

3. Hol (turli predloglar bilan):

After saying this he left the room.

Shuni aytgach, u xonadan chiqib ketdi.

He improved his pronunciation by reading aloud every

day.

U har kuni baland ovozda o‘qish yo‘li bilan o‘z talaffuzini

yaxshiladi.

He left Tashkent without leaving his address.

U o‘z manzilini qoldirmasdan Toshkentdan jo‘nab ketdi.

4. Ega vazifasida:

Smoking is harmful for health.

Chekish sog‘liq uchun zararli.

5. Kesim vazifasida:

Her favourite occupation is skating.

Uning sevimli mashg‘uloti chang‘ida uchish.

6. Vositali to‘ldiruvchi vazifasida:

He suggested discussing this question at the conference.

U bu masalani konferensiyada muhokama qilishni taklif etdi.

Gerund noaniq va perfekt (tugal) shakllariga ega.

He is proud of winnig the chess tournament.

U shaxmat bo‘yicha bellashuvda g‘olib bo‘lishlikdan faxrlanadi.

(noaniq)

He is proud of having won the first place in the chess

tournament.

U shaxmat bo‘yicha bellashuvda g‘olib bo‘lganidan faxrlanadi.

(tugal)

O‘timli fe’llardan yasalgan gerundlar oddiy va majhul

nisbatlarda kelishi mumkin.

Active Passive

Indefinite asking being asked

Perfect having asked having been asked

He likes asking questions.

U savol berishni yaxshi ko‘radi.

He likes being asked questions.

Unga savol berishlarini yaxshi ko‘radi.

A burglar entered the room without noticing housekeeper.

O‘g‘ri uy egasini payqamay xonaga kirdi.

A burglar entered the room without being noticed by

anybody.

O‘g‘ri hech kimga sezdirmasdan xonaga kirdi.

Gerunddan keyin ravish kelishi mumkin:

He likes walking quickly.

U tez yurishni yaxshi ko‘radi.

The teacher insists on the boy’s reading slowly.

O‘qituvchi bolaning sekin o‘qishini talab qiladi.

PREDLOGLAR

PREPOSITIONS

Payt predloglari at in on

at 3.15 a.m.

tungi 3.15 da

Marc

23.

23 martda tug‘ilgan.

My sister was born

Singlim

in 1990.

1990 yilda

The inspector arrived at nine o’clock.

Inspektor soat to‘qqizda yetib keldi.

He usually comes home at midnight.

U uyga odatda yarim tunda keladi.

Lekin soat so‘ralganda at tushib qoladi.

At what time …? emas, ‘What time?’ deb so‘rash

kerak:

What time are you going out this evening?

Bugun kechqurun soat nechada chiqib ketasiz?

at predlogi quyidagi so‘zlar bilan qo‘llanib, o‘zbek tiliga

o‘rin-payt kelishigi qo‘shimchasi “-da” orqali tarjima

qilinadi:

at night

tunda

I don’t like going out at night.

Tunda tashqariga chiqishni

yoqtirmayman.

at Christmas (at

Easter)

Rojdestvoda (hayitda)

We give them presents at

Christmas.

Rojdestvoda ularga sovg‘alar berdik.

at the moment (at

present)

ayni paytda (hozir)

I am free at the moment.

Ayni paytda (hozir) bo‘shman.

at the same time

bir vaqtda

Bob and Dick arrived at the same

time.

Bob va Dik bir va

tda

etib kelishdi.

at the age of

yoshida

I left school at the age of 17.

Men 17 yoshimda maktabni

tamomladim.

at the beginning of …

... (-ning) boshida

We are going away at the

beginning of December.

Dekabrning boshida biz jo‘nab

ketyapmiz.

at the end of …

... (-ning) oxirida

There was a bank at the end of

the street.

Ko‘chaning oxirida bank bor edi.

on predlogi oy va hafta kunlari oldidan ishlatiladi:

on April 15

15 aprelda

on Friday(s)

juma kun(lar)i

on Monday evening(s)

dushanba kun(lar)i

kechqurun

on Tuesday afternoon(s)

seshanba kun(lar)i kunduzi

on Christmas Day

but at Christmas

Rojdestvo kunida

lekin, Rojdestvoda

on Thirthday night(s)

payshanba kun(lar)i tunda

I am usually busy on Monday mornings.

Men odatda dushanba kunlari ertalab band bo‘laman.

This bank doesn’t work on Fridays.

Bu bank juma kunlari ishlamaydi.

in predlogi quyidagi so‘zlar bilan ishlatiladi:

in May

mayda

in 2003

2003 yilda

in (the) summer

(shu) yozda

in the 21

century

XXI asrda

in the 1990s

1990 yillarda

in the Middle Ages

O‘rta asrlarda

in the morning(s)

ertalab(lari)

in the afternoon(s)

kunduz kun(lari)

in the evening(s)

kechqurunlari

Our summer examinations usually begin in May.

Yozgi imtihonlarimiz odatda mayda boshlanadi.

He entered the National University in 2003.

U Milliy universitetga 2003 (yil)da kirgan.

In the evenings she usually watches TV.

Kechqurunlari u odatda televizor ko‘radi.

last (o‘tgan) va next (kelasi) so‘zlari oldidan

predloglar (at / on / in) qo‘yilmaydi.

See you next Friday.

Kelasi jumada uchrashguncha.

They got married last winter.

Ular o‘tgan qishda turmush qurishgan.

in predlogi “-dan keyin” ma’nosida ham ishlatiladi.

He'll be back in a few minutes.

U bir necha daqiqadan keyin qaytadi.

The house will be ready in a month.

Uy bir oydan keyin bitadi.

Bunday birikmalarga in six month time, in a

week’s time kabi time so‘zini qo‘shib ishlatish ham

mumkin:

They are leaving in 2 week’s time.

Ular 2 haftadan keyin ketishadi.

in predlogi “ichida”, “davomida” ma’nosida ham

ishlatilib, o‘rin-payt kelishigi qo‘shimchasi “-da” vositasida

tarjima qilinishi mumkin.

I learned to drive in four weeks.

Men mashina haydashni to‘rt haftada o‘rgandim.

before after during while

before (-dan) oldin

before the lesson

darsdan oldin

before the film

filmdan oldin

Before the lesson he brought to the classroom some text-

books from the reading hall.

Darsdan oldin u sinfga o‘quv zalidan bir nechta darslik olib keldi.

after (-dan) keyin

after the film

filmdan keyin

after the lesson

darsdan keyin

After the lesson he went to the library.

Darsdan keyin u kutubxonaga ketdi.

We were tired after our visit to the museum.

Muzeyga qilgan sayohatimizdan keyin charchagan edik.

Before va after predloglaridan keyin ko‘pincha “-ing”

qo‘shimchasini olgan fe’l keladi.

I always have breakfast before going to work (before I go

to work).

Ishga ketishimdan oldin doim nonushta qilaman.

I started work after reading the newspaper (after I read

the newspaper).

Gazetani o‘qib bo‘lgach ishni boshladim.

during “paytida”, “vaqtida”, “davomida” kabi

ma’nolarda ishlatilib, undan keyin faqat ot turkumiga

mansub so‘z keladi.

during the lesson

dars paytida

during the film

film davomida

I fell asleep during the movie.

Film paytida men uxlab qoldim.

Don’t make noise during the lesson.

Dars paytida shovqin qilmang.

We met a lot of interesting people during our vacation.

Ta’til davomida biz ko‘p qiziqarli kishilar bilan uchrashdik.

while predlogi “paytida”, “vaqtida”, “davomida” kabi

ma’nolarda ishlatilib, undan keyin ega yoki fe’l turkumiga

mansub so‘z keladi. O‘zbek tiliga odatda “-yotgan paytda”

yoki “-yotganida” yohud “-yotib” tarzida tarjima qilinadi.

while he is eating

u ovqatlanayotganida / ovqatlanayotgan paytida / ovqatlanayotib

while we were on vacation

ta’tildaligimizda / ta’tildalik vaqtimizda

My father likes reading newspaper while he is eating.

Otam ovqatlanayotganida gazeta o‘qishni yaxshi ko‘radi.

We met a lot of interesting people while we were on

vacation.

Ta’tildaligimizda biz ko‘p qiziqarli kishilar bilan uchrashdik.

I fell asleep while I was watching TV.

Televizor ko‘rayotib uxlab qoldim.

from … to … until (till) for since

from … to … -dan ...-gacha:

We work from Monday to Saturday.

Biz dushanbadan shanbagacha ishlaymiz.

He lived in Britain from 1985 to 1993.

U Britaniyada 1985 yildan 1993 yilgacha yashagan.

until yoki till -gacha:

until (till) Friday

jumagacha

until (till) winter

qishgacha

until (till) I come

kelgunimcha

We’ll stay here until Friday.

Jumagacha shu yerda bo‘lamiz.

Wait here till I come.

Kelgunimcha shu yerda kut.

“How long will you be away?” “Until (till) Sunday.”

“Qachongacha safarda bo‘lasiz?” “Yakshanbagacha.”

for predlogi “davomida” ma’nosini ifodalaydi va

muayyan vaqtni ifodalovchi so‘zdan oldin qo‘yiladi.

Ko‘pincha o‘zbek tiliga tarjima qilinmaydi:

for a week

bir hafta (davomida)

for 10 years

o‘n yil (davomida)

for a long time

uzoq vaqt/muddat (davomida)

Ted will wait for ten minute; then he will leave.

Ted o‘n minut kutadi; keyin ketadi.

He waited for an hour.

U bir soat kutdi.

He stayed with us for a week.

U biz bilan bir hafta turdi.

I have lived in this house for 24 years.

Men bu uyda 24 yil yashaganman.

Mazkur predlog go (bormoq), come (kelmoq),

last/continue (cho‘zilmoq) kabi fe’llardan keyin kelsa, “-

ga” qo‘shimchasi vositasida tarjima qilinadi.

He is going away for a few days.

U bir necha kunga ketyapti.

Next time she will come for a week.

Keyingi safar u bir haftaga keladi.

The coference lasted for three days.

Konferensiya uch kunga cho‘zildi.

for predlogi Present Perfect zamonidagi fe’ldan keyin

kelganda “-dan beri” tarzida ham tarjima qilinishi mumkin.

This tree has been here for two hundred years.

Bu daraxt ikki yuz yildan beri shu yerda turibdi.

for predlogi belgilangan yoki tayinlangan vaqtni ham

ifodalashi mumkin. Bunda u o‘zbek tiliga jo‘nalish kelishigi

qo‘shimchasi “-ga” vositasida tarjima qilinadi.

The judge has appointed the hearing of the case for 3:00.

Sudya ishni eshitishni (soat) 3:00 ga belgilagan.

since predlogidan keyin biror muddatni ko‘rsatuvchi

so‘z keladi va o‘sha muddatdan hozirgacha bo‘lgan vaqt

tushuniladi. O‘zbek tiliga “-dan beri (boshlab)” tarzida

tarjima qilinadi.

since Friday

jumadan beri

since 1998

1998 yildan beri

since the morning

ertalabdan beri

Gapda since predlogi odatda Present Perfect (have

been / have done / have seen) zamonidagi fe’l bilan keladi.

I haven’t seen Pete since Sunday.

Men Pitni yakshanbadan beri ko‘rmadim.

My parents have been married since 1980.

Ota-onam 1980 yildan beri turmush qurib kelishadi.

It has been raining since the morning.

Ertalabdan beri yomg‘ir yog‘yapti.

Makon va harakat predloglari

Quyidagi predloglarning ko‘pchiligi gapning

mazmuniga qarab ham makon, ham harakatga nisbatan

qo‘llanishi mumkin.

above

tepasida, -dan balandda

in front of

oldida

across

narigi tomonida, u betida

inside

ichida

against

qarshi

inside of

-ning ichida

along

bo‘ylab

in the middle of

-ning o‘rtasida

alongside

yonma-yon, yonida

into

-ga, ichiga

among

orasida

near

inida

100

around

atrofida

next to

-dan keyingi, -ning

yonida(gi)

-da, yonida

off

-dan

away from

-dan uzoqda, olisda

-da, ustida

before

oldin

opposite

ro‘parasida

behind

orqasida

out

tashqari(ga)

Below

-dan pastda, quyida

out of

-dan tashqari(ga)

beneath

tagida

outside

tashqarida

beside

yonida

over

ustidan

between

orasida

past

oldidan

beyond

-dan tashqarida

round

atrofida

yonida

through

orqali

by (the edge/side of)

(qirg‘oq) bo‘ylab, tomondan

throughout

-da

down

ish-harakatning pastga

yo‘nalganligini ko‘rsatadi

-ga

far (away) from

-dan uzoqda

towards

-ga, -ga qarab, tomonga

from

-dan

under

tagida

-da, ichida

underneath

tagida

in back of

orqasida

ish-harakatning yuqoriga

yo‘nalganini bildiradi.

Yuqoridagi lug‘atda of bilan berilganlaridan tashqari,

boshqa predloglardan keyin of predlogi ishlatilmaydi, ya’ni

101

off of yoki behind of tarzida qo‘llash mumkin emas.

Mazkur predlog qo‘yilishi ham, qo‘yilmasligi ham mumkin

bo‘lgan holatlarda, uni ishlatmagan ma’qul.

Ko‘pchilik predloglar ravish vazifasida ham qo‘llanadi,

lekin hammasi emas. Ba’zi predloglarning ravish shakli

boshqa predlogni talab qilishi mumkin. Masalan, away

yoki far ravishlardir, lekin away from va far from

predloglardir.

Shirley is waiting outside the door.

Shirli eshik orqasida (tashqarisida) kutyapti (predlogli birikma).

Shirley is waiting outside.

Shirli tashqarida kutyapti (ravish).

Ba’zi ravishlar predloglarga juda o‘xshab ketadi, lekin

ularni aynan bir xil deb bo‘lmaydi:

The taxi was waiting near the hotel.

Taksi mehmonxona yonida kutayotgan edi (predlogli birikma).

The taxi was waiting nearby.

Taksi yaqin atrofda kutayotgan edi (ravish).

Quyidagi predlogli turg‘un birikmalarni eslab qoling:

Harriet lives

Xarriyet yashaydi

in Denver.

Denver (shahri)da

in Colorado.

Kolorado (shtati)da

on Green Avenue.

Grin Avenyu (ko‘chasi)da

at 261 Green Avenue.

Grin Avenyu (ko‘chasi), 261 (uy)da

in Room or Apartment 210-A

210-maxsus xona

oki xonadonda

102

Harriet’s friend lives

Xarriyetning do‘sti

yashaydi

in Canada.

Kanadada

at/away from home.

uyida/uyidan uzoqda

on a farm.

fermer xo‘jaligida

in an apartment, house, student

hostel.

xonadonda, uyda, talabalar

yotoqxonasida

in poverty, wealth, a city, a suburb

kambag‘al(-chilikda), badavlat,

shaharda, shahar atrofida

The plane landed

Samolyot qo‘ndi

in the South, West.

shimolga, g‘arbga

in Chicago.

Chikagoga

at O’Hare Airport.

Ou Hare aeroportiga

at the Chicago Airport.

Chikago aeroportiga

Harriet lives at 261 Green Avenue, Denver, Colorado.

Xarriyet Kolorado (shtati), Denver (shahri), Grin Avenyu

(ko‘chasidagi) 261 (uy)da yashaydi.

The plane landed at O’Hare Airport, Chicago.

Samalyot Chikago (shahridagi) Ou Xare aeroportiga qo‘ndi.

We are going to visit my cousin in Denver.

Biz Denverdagi jiyanimni ko‘rgani ketyapmiz.

He is

in college.

kollejda.

at the university.

universitetda.

We are going

Biz

across the forest.

o‘rmonni kesib o‘tyapmiz.

across the Mississippi River.

Mississipi daryosini kesib o‘tyapmiz.

across the desert.

cho‘lni kesib o‘t

miz.

103

Their house is

(situated)

Ularning uyi

(joylashgan)

on the beach.

qirg‘oqda.

on the ocean.

okeanda.

at the shore.

sohilda.

in the mountains.

tog‘da.

on the river, bay, lake.

daryoda, ko‘rfazda, ko‘lda.

in the desert.

cho‘lda.

on the plains.

dashtda.

Between predlogi joylashuv ikki nuqtaga nisbatan

olinganda ishlatiladi. Among predlogi esa, joylashuv

ikkitadan ortiq nuqtaga nisbatan olinganda qo‘llanadi:

Our house is between the house of the Andersons and the

house of the Simpsons.

Bizning uyimiz Andersonlarning uyi va Simpsonlarning uyi

o‘rtasida joylashgan.

My car is parked among hundreds in the parking lot,

between Joe’s car and Cliff’s car.

Mening mashinam to‘xtash joyidagi yuzlab avtomobillar ichida,

Joyning va Klifning mashinalari o‘rtasida.

To predlogi ba’zi iboralarda yo‘nalishni bildiradi.

Perpendicular to

-ga perpendikular

horizontal to

-ga gorizontal

to the north, south, east, west

shimolga, janubga, sharqqa, g‘arbga

next to

-dan keyingi

lekin, north, south, east, west of the library

kutubxonaning shimoli, janubi, sharqi, g‘arbi

104

Eslatma: kompas tomonlarini ifodalovchi qo‘shma

so‘zlar qo‘shib yoziladi.

northeast

shimoli sharq

southeast

janubi sharq

northwest

shimoli g‘arb

southwest

janubi g‘arb

Kompas tomonlarni ifodalovchi so‘zlar yo‘nalishini

ifodalaganda kichik harf bilan yoziladi.

Makon va harakatni ifodalovchi predloglar qaysi biri

ekanligi haqida ma’lumot beradi. Quyidagilar ravishli

birikmalar bo‘lib, ot yoki olmoshdan keyin keladi.

The buses in the city run every ten minutes.

Shahar avtobuslari har o‘n minutda yuradi.

The houses on the bay were damaged by the hurricane.

Ko‘rfazdagi uylar dovuldan zarar ko‘rdi.

105

BOG‘LOVCHILAR

CONJUNCTIONS

Bog‘lovchilar fikrlar va gapdagi grammatik bo‘laklarni

o‘zaro bog‘laydi. Gaplarni to‘g‘ri tuzish va fikrlarni aniq

ifodalash uchun bog‘lovchilarning turlarini bilish kerak.

Hozirgi zamon ingliz tilidagi bog‘lovchilar uch turga

bo‘linadi: teng bog‘lovchilar (coordinating

conjunctions), juft bog‘lovchilar (correlative

conjunctions), ergashtiruvchi bog‘lovchilar

(subbordinating conjunctions).

Teng bog‘lovchilar

Teng bog‘lovchilar bir xil grammatik kategoriyadagi

ikki va undan ortiq so‘z, ibora yoki gaplarni bog‘laydi.

And, but, or, nor, for, so, yet, and/or teng

bog‘lovchilar hisoblanadi.

Eslatma: for, so va yet bog‘lovchilari gapda boshqa

vazifalarda ham kelishi mumkin.

And bog‘lovchisi qo‘shish yoki qo‘shimcha qilishni

ifodalaydi. Qo‘shishni ifodalaganda “-ga” qo‘shimchasi

bilan, boshqa holatlarda “va”, “bilan”, “hamda” so‘zlari

bilan o‘zbek tiliga tarjima qilinadi.

Two and four make six.

Ikkiga to‘rt (qo‘shilsa) olti bo‘ladi.

Rise and potatoes are common foods.

Guruch va kartoshka doimiy yemishlardir.

But ziddiyatni ifodalaydi va o‘zbek tiliga “ammo”,

“lekin”, “biroq” so‘zlari bilan tarjima qilinadi.

Two and four make six, but two and three make five.

Ikkiga to‘rt olti bo‘ladi, lekin ikkiga uch besh bo‘ladi.

Many trees lose their leaves in winter, but evergreen trees

106

do not.

Qishda ko‘pchilik daraxtlar barglarini to‘kadi, lekin doimiy yashil

daraxtlar to‘kmaydi.

Or tanlash yoki ajratishni ifodalaydi va o‘zbek tiliga

“yoki”, “yo”, “yohud” kabi bog‘lovchilar vositasida tarjima

qilinadi.

Two and four or five and one make six.

Ikkiga to‘rt yoki birga besh olti bo‘ladi.

Today travellers go by plane or by bus.

Bugun sayyohlar samolyot yoki avtobusda ketadilar.

They had enough money for eggs or bread, but not enough

for both.

Ularda tuxum yoki non uchun yetarli pul bor edi, lekin ikkalasi

uchun emas.

Nor bog‘lovchisidan oldin not yoki neither keladi va

o‘zbek tiliga “na ..., na ...” tarzida o‘giriladi.

They did not buy eggs, nor did they buy bread.

Ular na tuxum, na non sotib olishdi.

So natijani ifodalaydi va o‘zbek tiliga “natijada”,

“shunday qilib”, “shunday ekan” kabi so‘zlar bilan tarjima

qilinadi.

They did not have enough money to buy milk, so they

bought only eggs and bread.

Ularda sut sotib olish uchun yetarli pul yo‘q edi, natijada faqat

tuxum bilan non sotib olishdi.

For sababni ifodalaydi va o‘zbek tiliga “chunki”,

“uchun”, “sababli”, “boisdan” kabi so‘zlar yoki “-dan”

qo‘shimchasi vositasida tarjima qilinadi.

They bought only eggs and bread, for they did not have

enough money to buy milk.

Ular faqat tuxum va non sotib olishdi, chunki ularda sut sotib olish

uchun yetarli pul yo‘q edi yoki sut sotib olish uchun pullari yo‘qligi

uchun ular faqat tuxum bilan non sotib olishdi.

107

Yet ziddiyatni ifodalaydi va o‘zbek tiliga “lekin” va

unga ma’nodosh bog‘lovchilar bilan tarjima qilinadi.

They bought eggs and bread, yet they forgot to buy milk.

Ular tuxum bilan non sotib olishdi, biroq sut sotib olishni

unutishdi.

For va yet bog‘lovchilari og‘zaki nutqda juda kam

ishlatiladi, biroq rasmiy yozma nutqda ikkalasi ham ko‘p

qo‘llanadi.

And/or bog‘lovchilari o‘zidan keyingi so‘zning avvalgi

fikrga qo‘shimcha yoki ilova qilinganligini bildiradi. Ular

rasmiy adabiy tilda ishlatilmaydi, ammo ilmiy uslubda tez-

tez uchrab turadi:

Her letters are poorly typed. She needs a new typewriter

and/or a new secretary.

Uning harflari juda yomon bosilgan. Unga yangi yozuv mashinkasi

va/yoki yangi kotiba kerak.

The glassware is not clean. He needs a new dishwasher

and/or better procedures.

Shisha idishlar toza emas. Unga yangi idish yuvish mashinasi

kerak yoki ishni yaxshiroq bajarish kerak.

And bog‘lovchisi gap egasining bo‘laklarini

bog‘layotgan bo‘lsa, fe’lni ko‘plikda qo‘llash kerak.

The boys and their father are going together.

Bolalar va ularning otasi birga ketishyapti.

Or yoki nor gap egasi qismlarini bog‘layotgan bo‘lsa,

kesim o‘ziga yaqinroq turgan ega bo‘lagi bilan moslashadi.

Neither the boys nor their father is going.

Na bolalar, na ularning otasi ketyapti.

Neither Father nor our uncle nor the boys are going.

Na otamiz, na amakimiz, na bolalar ketishyapti.

Teng bog‘lovchilar ikki bosh gapni bog‘lab kelganda

bog‘lovchidan oldin vergul qo‘yiladi. Lekin teng bog‘lovchi

ikki so‘zni, iborani yoki ergash gaplarni bog‘lab kelganda

vergul qo‘yilmaydi.

108

They bought bread and milk, but they forgot to buy eggs.

Ular non sotib olishdi, lekin tuxum sotib olishni unutishdi.

They had enough money for eggs and bread or for eggs and

milk.

Ularda tuxum bilan nonga yoki tuxum bilan sutga yetadigan pul

bor edi.

Juft bog‘lovchilar

Hozirgi zamon ingliz tilida ishlatiladigan juft

bog‘lovchilar quyidagilardir:

both . . . and

va . . . (har) ikkalasi /ham . . . ham

either . . . or

yo . . . yo

not only . . . but also

nafaqat . . . balki . . . ham

neither . . . nor

na . . . na

Juft bog‘lovchilar teng turuvchi grammatik

qurilmalardan keyin keladi.

Both the parents and the children enjoyed the program.

Ota-onalar ham, bolalar ham dasturni miriqib tamosho qildilar.

Neither the parents nor the children enjoyed the program.

Na ota-onalar, na bolalar dasturni miriqib tomosho qildilar.

Not only the parents but also the children enjoyed the

program.

Nafaqat ota-onalar, balki bolalar ham dasturni miriqib tamosho

qildilar.

Either the parents or the children will attend, but not both.

Yo ota-onalar, yo bolalar qatnashadilar, lekin ikkovlari emas.

Ergashtiruvchi bog‘lovchilar

Ergashtiruvchi bog‘lovchilar tobe gaplardan oldin

keladi. Bosh (mustaqil) gapdagi fikr tobe gap orqali

izohlanishi yoki tushuntirilishi mumkin. Ravish ergash

gaplar ergashtiruvchi bog‘lovchilar bilan kiritiladi.

Ergashtiruvchi bog‘lovchilar teng bog‘lovchilardan ko‘p

109

jihatlari bilan farqlanadi:

1. Ergashtiruvchi bog‘lovchi bilan boshlanuvchi tobe

gap alohida gap sifatida ajratilmaydi. Agar alohida gap

sifatida tinish belgisi bilan ajratilsa, xato hisoblanadi.

Mustaqil gap Mustaqil gap

The alarm clock rang.

(Qo‘ng‘iroqli) soat jiringladi.

Mark got up.

Mark (uyqudan) turdi.

Mark cooked breakfast.

Mark nonushta tayyorladi.

Mark ate breakfast.

Mark nonushta qildi.

Bosh (mustaqil) gap Ergash (tobe) gap

When the alarm clock rang,

Soat jiringlaganda

Mark got up.

Mark (uyqudan) turdi.

After Mark cooked breakfast,

Nonushtani tayyorlab bo‘lgach,

he ate it.

Mark uni yedi.

2. Ba’zi ergashtiruvchi bog‘lovchilar predloglar bo‘lishi

mumkin. Bunday hollarda gapning qurilishiga qarang,

keyin fe’lning qaysi shakli va qanday tinish belgisini

qo‘yishni hal qiling.

Predlogli birikma

Since my arrival here, I have made many friends.

Bu yerga kelganimdan beri ko‘p do‘stlar orttirdim.

Tobe gap

Since I arrived here, I have made many friends.

Bu yerga kelganimdan beri ko‘p do‘stlar orttirdim.

Because bog‘lovchisining predlog shakli because of

bo‘ladi. Bu shakllarni chalkashtirmaslik kerak. Predlogdan

keyin ot, olmosh yoki otlashgan so‘z (masalan, -ing

qo‘shimchali fe’l) keladi.

Because the alarm clock rang, Mark got up.

Soat jiringlagani uchin Mark uyg‘ondi.

Because of the ringing of the alarm clock, Mark got up.

Mark soatning jiringlashidan uyg‘ondi.

Ko‘p ishlatiladigan ergashtiruvchi bog‘lovchilar quyida-

110

gilardir:

*after how

although even though if

as except that in case

as far as in order that *till

as if once *untill

as long as rather then when

as though *since whenever

because so that where

*before sooner than wherever

-er + than though while

Yulduzcha (*) qo‘yilgan so‘zlar predlog bo‘la oladilar.

Boshqalari predlog bo‘la olmaydi.

111

SO‘Z YASOVCHI OLD

QO‘SHIMCHALAR

PREFIXES

Old

qo‘shimcha

Ma’nosi Misol Ma’nosi

no-, be-, -siz,

emas

amoral

atypical

axloqsiz

tipik emas

ante-

oldin

to antedate

oldin bo‘lmoq,

oldin kelmoq

anti-

qarshi

anticlockwise

soat miliga

qarshi

arch-

oliy, bosh,

asosiy

archbishop

cherkovga oid

lavozim

auto-

avto-, o‘z

autobiography

avtobiogra-fiya

bi-

ikki

bilingual

ikki tilda gapla-

sha oladigan

by-

ikkinchi

darajali,

qo‘shimcha

by-poduct

ikkinchi

darajali

mahsulot

co-

ham-, -dosh

co-worker

xizmatdosh

contra-

qarshi

to contradict

qarshi

chiqmoq,

e’tiroz

bildirmoq

counter-

qarshi

counter clock-

wise

soat miliga

qarshi

de-

tushirish,

pasaytirish

to devalue

qiymatini

tushirmoq

dis-

no-, -siz,

aks harakat

to disagree

discontented

to disconnect

norozi bo‘lmoq

baxtsiz

uzmoq

ex-

sobiq

ex-president

sobiq prezident

fore-

old, oldindan

to foresee

oldindan

ko‘rmoq

er-

o‘ta

ersensitive

o‘ta sezuvchan

112

in- (il-,

im-, ir-)

no-, be-, siz-

insensitive

illegal

immoral

irreligious

hissiyotsiz

noqonuniy

axloqsiz

dinsiz

inter-

aro

iternational

millatlar aro

mal-

yomon

malformed

yomon

ishlangan,

yasalgan

mis-

xato, noto‘g‘ri

to misjudge

noto‘g‘ri fikr

yuritmoq

mono-

bir

monosyllabic

bir bo‘g‘inli

multi-

ko‘p

multistorey

ko‘p qavatli

neo-

yangi

neocolonialism

neokolonializm

non-

-maslik

nonpayment

to‘lamaslik

out-

haddan ziyod

to outgrow

haddan ziyod

o‘sib ketmoq

over-

ko‘p, ortiqcha

ustidan

to overeat

overland

ortiqcha yemoq

quruqlikdan

post-

keyingi

postwar

urushdan

keyingi

pre-

oldingi

prewar

urushdan

oldingi

pro-

tarafida,

foydasiga

pro-education

ta’lim foydasiga

proto-

birlamchi

prototype

prototip

pseudo-

qalbaki, soxta

pseudo-classic

soxta klassik

quadr-

(quadri-)

to‘rt

quadrlateral

to‘rt tomonli

re-

yangidan,

boshqatdan

to restart

yangidan

boshlamoq

semi-

yarim, nim-

semiprivate

yarim xususiy

sub-

ostki

kichikroq qism

subway

subdivision

yer osti yo‘li

bo‘linma

trans-

ko‘chish, kesib

o‘tish

transatlantic

to transform

atlantika

okeanini kesib

o‘tuvchi

shaklini butkul

o‘zgartirmoq

tri-

uch

tricycle

uch g‘ildirakli

velosi

113

ultra-

o‘ta, haddan

tashqari

ultranationalis

o‘ta millatchilik

un-

aks harakatni

ifodalaydi

to uncover

ochmoq

114

SO‘Z YASOVCHI QO‘SHIMCHALAR

SUFFIXES

Sifat yasovchi qo‘shimchalar

Qo‘shim-

cha

Ma’nosi Misol Ma’nosi

-able,

-ible

-sa bo‘ladigan

teachable

reducible

o‘qitsa bo‘ladigan

qisqartirsa

bo‘ladi-gan

-al

-iy, -viy;

-ga oid

national

personal

milliy

shaxsiy

-ant

-li

tolerant

chidamli

-arian

sifatiga ega

authoritarian

avtoritar

-ative

-ga oid, aloqador

investigative

tergovga oid

-ese

-lik

Chinese

xitoylik

-esque

uslubida, -ona

Romanesque

Rimliklar

uslubida

-ful

ser-

meaningful

serma’no

-ic

-ga oid, sifatiga ega

democratic

demokratik

-ical

-iy, -viy

theoretical

nazariy

-ish

-ga mansub

(millati)

Swedish

shved

-ash

-ga o‘xshash

reddish

qizg‘ish

-ive

sifatiga ega, -ovchi

explosive

portlovchi

-less

-siz, be-

childless

bolasiz

-like

-ga o‘xshash

childlike

bolaga o‘xshash

-ous,

-eous,

-ious

sifatiga ega, -li

dangerous

suspicious

xavfli

shubhali

-some

uyg‘atuvchi,

qo‘zg‘atuvchi

fearsome

troublesome

qo‘rquv uyg‘atuv-

chi

tashvishga

soluvchi

-y

-li, bilan qoplangan

sandy

qumli, qumloq

115

Ot yasovchi qo‘shimchalar

Qo‘shim-

cha

Ma’nosi Misol Ma’nosi

-age

harakat nomi,

mavhum ot

carriege

sinkage

marriage

tashish

cho‘kish

nikoh

-an

-ning a’zosi, -ga

mansub, -chi

republican

respublikachi

-ance, -

ence

faoliyat, holat

guidance

independence

boshqarish

mustaqillik

-ancy, -

ency

faoliyat, biror

holatda bo‘lish

consultancy

constancy

maslahat berish

barqarorlik

-ant,

-ent

qiluvchi, -chi

informant

defendant

litigant

xabarchi

javobgar

sudlashuvchi

-arian

guruhiga mansub

vegetarian

authoritarian

vegetarian

avtoritar

-ation

biror ishni

bajarishdagi

maqom

domination

communication

ustunlik

aloqa

-crat

-ga mansub shaxs

democrat

bureaucrat

demokrat

byurokrat

-ee

-chi, biror

harakatni

bajaruvchi

refugee

employee

qochoq

xizmatchi

-eer

biror amalning

bajaruvchisi

auctioneer

engineer

auktsioner

injiner

-er

qiluvchi, -chi

teacher

silencer

o‘qituvchi

tovush yutgich

(glushitel)

-er

yashovchi

Londoner

Londonlik

-ery

faoliyat nomi

robbery

forgery

o‘g‘rilik,

talonchilik

qalbakilashtirish

-er

jamlovchi

machiner

uskunalar

116

-ese

-lik

Chinese

xitoylik

-ess

biror ishni

bajaruvchi ayol

actress

waitress

aktrisa

ofitsianka

-ette

kichraytirish

kitchenette

kichik oshxona

-ful

sig‘im

mouthful

cupful

qultum

(bir) stakan

-hood

-lik, maqom

falsehood

motherhood

yolg‘onlik

onalik

-ian

-ga aloqador

Parisian

Parijlik

-ing

material nomi

harakat nomi

piping

wiring

walking

quvur

sim

yurish, sayr qilish

-ion

biror ishni bajarish

confession

iqrorlik

-ism

yo‘nalish, e’tiqod,

holat

terrorism

abseteeism

terrorizm

yo‘qlik

-ite

guruh a’zosi

socialite

sotsialist

-ity

maqom, sifat

complexity

curiosity

murakkablik

qiziquvchanlik

-let

kichik, arzimas

booklet

starlet

kitobcha, buklet

yulduzcha,

mashhur bo‘la

boshlagan aktrisa

-ling

ahamiyatsiz

weakling

zaif, kuchsiz kishi

-ment

holat, harakat

treatment

government

munosabat, muo-

mala

hukumat, boshqa-

ruv

-ness

holat

seriousness

readiness

jiddiylik

tayyorlik

-or

-er ning o‘zga

shakli

survivor

o‘limdan qutilib

qolgan shaxs

-ship

holat

friendship

ownership

do‘stlik

xususiy mulk

-ster

ish bajaruvchisi

trickster

g‘irromchi

-tion, -

tion

harakat nomi,

biror holatga

kelganlik

prevention

legislation

oldini olish

qonunchilik

-y

erkalash,

hurmatlash

daddy

dadajon

117

Ravish yasovchi qo‘shimchalar

Qo‘shim

-cha

Ma’nosi Misol Ma’nosi

-ly

ravishda

closely

strictly

yaqindan

qat’iyan

-ward

tomonga; -ga qarab

homeward

backward

uy tomonga

orqaga qarab

-wise

tarzda, bo‘ylab

clockwise

soat yo‘nalishi bo‘ylab

Fe’l yasovchi qo‘shimchalar

Qo‘shim

-cha

Misol Ma’nosi

-ate regulate

activate

tartibga solmoq

faollashtirmoq

-en tighten

deafen

taranglashtirmoq

ovozini o‘chirmoq

-ify beautify

simplify

go‘zallashtirmoq

soddalashtirmoq

-ize popularize

ommalashtirmoq

118

NOTO‘G‘RI FE’LLAR RO‘YXATI

IRREGULAR VERBS

I. O‘tgan oddiy zamon va o‘tgan zamon sifatdoshi

shakllari har xil:

Infinitiv O‘tgan oddiy

zamon

O‘tgan zamon

sifatdoshi

Ma’nosi

break

choose

speak

steal

wake

broke

chose

spoke

stole

woke

broken

chosen

spoken

stolen

woken

sindirmoq

tanlamoq

gapirmoq

o‘g‘irlamoq

uyg‘onmoq

drive

ride

rise

write

drove

rode

rose

wrote

driven

ridden

risen

written

haydamoq

minmoq

ko‘tarilmoq

yozmoq

beat

bite

hide

beat

bit

hid

beaten

bitten

hidden

urmoq

tishlamoq

yashirmoq

eat

fall

forget

give

see

take

ate

fell

forgot

gave

saw

took

eaten

fallen

forgotten

given

seen

taken

yemoq

yiqilmoq

unutmoq

bermoq

ko‘rmoq

olmoq

blow

grow

know

throw

fly

draw

show

blew

grew

knew

threw

flew

drew

showed

blown

grown

known

thrown

flown

drawn

shown

esmoq

o‘smoq

bilmoq

tashlamoq

uchmoq

chizmoq,

tortmoq

ko‘rsatmo

119

begin

drink

swim

ring

sing

run

began

drank

swam

rang

sang

ran

begun

drunk

swum

rung

sung

run

boshlamoq

ichmoq

suzmoq

jiringlamoq

kuylamoq

yugurmoq

come

become

came

became

come

become

kelmoq

bo‘lmoq

II. O‘tgan oddiy zamon va o‘tgan zamon

sifatdoshi

shakllari bir xil:

Infinitiv O‘tgan oddiy zamon va

o‘tgan zamon sifatdoshi

Ma’nosi

cost

cut

hit

hurt

let

put

shut

cost

cut

hit

hurt

let

put

shut

baholanmoq

kesmoq

urmoq

og‘ritmoq

ruxsat bermoq

qo‘ymoq

yopmoq

lend

send

spend

build

lent

sent

spent

built

qarzga bermoq

jo‘natmoq

sarflamoq

qurmoq

lose

shoot

get

light

sit

lost

shot

got

lit

sat

yo‘qotmoq

o‘q uzmoq

olmoq

yoqmoq

o‘tirmoq

burn

learn

smell

burnt

learnt

smelt

yonmoq, yondirmoq

o‘rganmoq

hidi kelmoq,

hidlamoq

keep

slee

kept

sle

saqlamoq

uxlamo

120

feel

leave

meet

dream

mean

felt

left

met

dreamt

meant

sezmoq

tark etmoq

uchrashmoq

orzu qilmoq

anglatmoq

bring

buy

fight

think

catch

teach

brought

bought

fought

thought

caught

taught

keltirmoq

sotib olmoq

kurashmoq

o‘ylamoq

tutmoq

o‘qitmoq

sell

tell

sold

told

sotmoq

aytmoq

find

have

hear

hold

read

say

found

had

heard

held

read [red]

said [sed]

topmoq

ega bo‘lmoq

eshitmoq

ushlamoq

o‘qimoq

demoq

pay

make

paid

made

to‘lamoq

qilmoq, yaratmoq

stand

understa

stood

understood

turmoq

tushunmoq

121

MUNDARIJA / CONTENTS

SO‘Z BOSHI ................................................................................3

OT / NOUN.................................................................................4

Sanaladigan va sanalmaydigan otlar .......................................4

Atoqli va tur

dosh otlar .............................................................9

Jamlovchi o

tlar.......................................................................10

Otlarda ko‘plik........................................................................10

ARTIKLLAR / ARTICLES ........................................................15

Noaniq artikl (a /

an) .............................................................16

Aniq artikl (the)......................................................................18

SON / NUMERALS ..................................................................24

Sanoq sonlar ...........................................................................24

Tartib sonlar ...........................................................................25

OLMOSHLAR / PR

ONOUNS ..................................................27

Kishilik olm

oshlari .................................................................27

Egalik olmo

shlari....................................................................29

Ko‘rsatish ol

moshlari ............................................................ 30

Birgalik olm

oshlari.................................................................32

Belgilash olmoshlari

...............................................................32

Kuchaytirish olmoshlari

.........................................................34

O‘zlik olmos

hlari ....................................................................35

Some, any, no olmoshl

ari.......................................................36

SHAXSSIZ GAPLAR / IMPERSONAL SENTENCES (IT …) . 40

THERE IS / THERE ARE KONSTRUKSIYASI /

THE CO

NSTRUCTION THERE IS / THERE ARE..............43

HAVE GOT / HAS GOT

............................................................46

SIFAT va RAVISHLARNING QIYOSIY DARAJALARI /

COMPARATIVE DEGREES of ADJ

ECTIVES and

ADVERBS ..............................................................................

FE’L ZAMONLARI / TENSE....................................................52

Oddiy hozirgi za

mon ..............................................................52

Oddiy kelasi zamon ................................................................56

Oddiy o‘tgan zamon................................................................57

To‘g‘ri va noto‘g

‘ri fe’llar ........................................................58

Hozirgi davomli za

mon .......................................................... 61

O‘tgan davomli zamon ...........................................................64

Kelasi davomli z

amon ............................................................66

122

Hozirgi natijali zamon........................................................... 68

O‘tgan natijali zamon ............................................................. 71

Zamonlar moslashuvi.............................................................75

FE’L NISBATLARI / VO

ICES of VERBS .................................77

Aniq nisbat..............................................................................77

Majhul nisbat..........................................................................77

MODAL FE’LLAR / M

ODALS ................................................ 80

SO‘Z TARTIBI (TASDIQ va SO‘ROQ GAPLAR) /

WORD OR

DER (POSITIVE and NEGATIVE) .................... 84

SIFATDOSHLAR / PA

RTICIPLES ..........................................87

Hozirgi zamon sifatdosh

i .......................................................87

O‘tgan zamon sifatdoshi

.........................................................87

Sifatdoshlarning ishla

tilishi.................................................. 88

GERUND / GERUNDS

............................................................ 90

PREDLOGLAR / PREP

OSITIONS...........................................93

Payt predloglari a

t in on.........................................................93

Makon va harakat predl

oglari................................................99

BOG‘LOVCHILAR / CONJUNCTIONS .................................105

Teng bog‘lovchilar ................................................................105

Juft bog‘lovchilar..................................................................108

Ergashtiruvchi bog‘lovc

hilar................................................108

SO‘Z YASOVCHI OLD QO‘SHIMCHALAR / PREFIXES.......111

SO‘Z YASOVCHI QO‘SHIMCHALAR / SUFFIXES............... 114

Sifat yasovchi qo‘shimc

halar................................................ 114

Ot yasovchi qo‘shimcha

lar ....................................................115

Ravish yasovchi qo‘shim

chalar.............................................117

Fe’l yasovchi qo‘shimch

alar ..................................................117

NOTO‘G‘RI FE’LLAR RO‘YXATI / IRREGULAR VERBS .... 118

RUSTAMOV Muhibbek Alibekovich

filologiya fanlari nomzodi;

ASRIYANS Margarita Isakovna

INGLIZ TILI GRAMMATIKASI

Muharrirlar:

B. A. Yarov, A. M. Kurganov

Texnik muharrir S. N. Yashina

Bosishga ruxsat etildi 10.05.2006. Nashriyot-hisob tabag‘i

7,5.

Adadi 100. Buyurtma 78. Narxi shartnoma asosida

124

O‘zbekiston Respublikasi IIV Akademiyasi,

700197, Toshkent sh., Intizor ko‘chasi, 68